Gulf Refinery Fire Free Essays

In the early hours of August 17, 1975, a tragic disaster occurred on the Gulf Oil refinery in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. This horrific disaster took the lives of eight firefighters, and potentially could have taken more lives if it wasn’t for the help of many surrounding fire stations. The cause of the fire was the overfilling of Tank 231. We will write a custom essay sample on Gulf Refinery Fire or any similar topic only for you Order Now While no crude oil escaped from the tank as a result of being overfilled, large quantities of hydrocarbon vapors were trapped above the surface of the tank’s crude oil. As the quantity of crude oil increased, these hydrocarbon vapors were forced out of the tank’s vents and into the area of the No. Boiler House where the initial flash occurred. The overfilling of the tank resulted from a failure of the tanker’s personnel to properly monitor the quantity of crude oil being pumped to the tank. This whole disaster could have been avoided by just double checking the amount of crude oil in Tank 231. At 12:45 a. m. on the morning of Sunday, August 17, 1975, the tanker â€Å"M/T Afran Neptune,† tied up at a Gulf Refinery dock, began pumping reconstituted Venezuelan crude oil with additional 5 percent naphtha into Gulf Refinery Tank No. 31. Tank No. 231, built in 1929, of riveted seam construction, had a capacity of 75,000 barrels and had recently been renovated with an internal floating roof. Within the refinery, the tank was located at Avenue â€Å"Y† and 4th Street. Located just west of Tank No. 231 was Boiler House No. 4, the site of a four-alarm fire on April 22, 1967. A brick chimney arose from Boiler House No. 4 and this stack was a familiar sight to westbound motorists on the Penrose Avenue Bridge as th e word â€Å"GULF† was painted in large, white letters. Hydrocarbon vapors, emanating from Tank 231, accumulated in the area of the boiler house and were ignited by an unknown ignition source. A flame front followed the vapors back to Tank 231 causing fire at the tank’s vents and an explosion within the outer shell of the stack. These events began to unfold at 5:57 a. m. Shortly thereafter, a second explosion occurred within Tank 231. Burning petroleum spilled from the tank’s vents into a diked area surrounding the tank. Within the diked area a second tank, No. 114, just north of Tank 231, containing No. 6 grade fuel oil, also ignited as pipelines within the diked area began to fail. The initial explosion also damaged the pipe manifold outside of the dike wall and petroleum pouring out under pressure ignited. At 6:04 a. m. , upon receiving the report of fire from the Gulf Refinery, the Philadelphia Fire Department transmitted the refinery’s fire alarm box: Box 5988, Penrose and Lanier Avenues. Upon leaving their station, Engine 60 could see fire and smoke conditions at a distance, and before arriving at the refinery, Engine 60 ordered the second alarm at 6:09 a. m. First arriving companies had large clouds of heavy black smoke emanating from Tank No. 31, fire on top of Tank No. 114, and fire showing from the 150-foot stack at Boiler House No. 4. The third and fourth alarms were ordered in quick succession by Battalion Chief 1, Arthur Foley, at 6:11 a. m. and 6:14 a. m. Acting Assistant Fire Chief Dalmon Edmunds ordered the fifth alarm at 6:34 a. m. The sixth alarm was ordered by Fire Commissioner Joseph Rizzo at 6:52 a. m. Over the next several hours, fire fighters utilized deluge guns and master streams to cool down surrounding exposures, and applied foam directly to the burning tanks and piping in an effort to extinguish the fire. By 8:44 a. m. it appeared that the fire was well contained and the situation sufficiently stabilized to declare the fire under control. As the firefighting operation progressed, it became apparent that the refinery’s sewerage system was not up to the task of properly draining the foam, water and petroleum-naphtha product mixture that was accumulating on the ground along Avenue â€Å"Y,† between 4th Street and 5th Street to the east, running in front of the refinery’s administration building. These drainage problems were further exacerbated by a decision by refinery personnel to shutoff drainage pumps. Three members were attending to the apparatus and wading in the foam-water-petroleum mixture which was accumulating on the ground. Commissioner Rizzo and Gulf Refinery manager Jack Burk were on an overhead catwalk nearby observing the fire fighting operation. Without warning the accumulating liquid surrounding Engine 133 ignited, immediately trapping the three firefighters working at Engine 133. Instinctively and without hesitation other nearby firefighters dove into the burning liquid to rescue their comrades, not aware of the danger to themselves. Five more firefighters would be consumed by the advancing fire. The flames just engulfed them,† said Commissioner Joseph Rizzo, describing how he escaped the first of dozens of explosions but looked back to see three of his men sealed in flames. â€Å"They were trying to get under the foam, but to no avail,† he said. â€Å"They were human torches. † The fire quickly spread eastward along Avenue â€Å"Y† towards 5th Street. Viewing the unfolding horror before him, Commissioner Rizzo ordered two more alarms, five additional rescue squads, and the recall of all companies which had previously been released from the fire grounds throughout the day. On these orders the fire alarm room transmitted the seventh and eighth alarms. As the fire had been placed under control nearly eight hours earlier, firefighters in stations across the city knew that the unthinkable had occurred as these additional alarms were struck. At 4:46 p. m. Commissioner Rizzo ordered the ninth alarm and notification of Philadelphia Managing Director Hillel Levinson as a major disaster was now unfolding at the Gulf Refinery. As the fire swept rapidly eastward along 5th Street, Philadelphia’s foam pumpers, Engines 160 and 133, and the Gulf Refinery foam pumper, were rapidly destroyed in the fire’s advance. At 5th Street, where Engines 16 and 40 had been assigned to improve drainage, their pieces were also destroyed in the fire’s path, although their pump operators were able to escape. Upon reaching 5th Street, the fire traveled two city blocks north along 5th Street, now threatening four additional storage tanks and the 125-foot Penrose Avenue Bridge. At 5:37 p. m. , Commissioner Rizzo ordered the tenth alarm as the fire was now traveling southward and engulfing the refinery’s administration building, which was located on the south side of Avenue â€Å"Y† between 4th and 5th Streets. The tenth alarm companies were ordered to report to Gate 24 at Penrose and Lanier Avenues, to set up deluge guns and leave the area. As the situation continued to deteriorate at the Gulf Refinery, Commissioner Rizzo ordered the 11th alarm. By seven o’clock, the involved tanks and pipelines were gushing flames and nearby streets in the complex were burning streams of oil and other petroleum products. The courageous men of the Philadelphia Fire Department kept with the fire, retaking 5th Street, 4th Street, and finally Avenue â€Å"Y. † At 1:00 a. m. Commissioner Rizzo left the fire grounds to visit the injured firefighters in the hospital. Rizzo then gave command to Deputy Fire Commissioner Harry T. Kite who placed the fire under control at 5:38 a. m. on Monday, August 18, 1975. The tragedy that occurred on the hot august day in 1975 could have been avoided all together if the refinery personnel in charge of Tank 231 simply monitored the amount of crude oil being pumped into the tank. Mistakes do happen, but unfortunately this mistake took the lives of eight firefighters. As of now we can only take th is disaster into consideration and make sure this doesn’t ever happen again in the future. In remembrance of the firefighters who perished in the blaze: John Andrews, 49, Engine 49. How to cite Gulf Refinery Fire, Papers

Basic Principles and Theory of Cloud Security Exploits - Free Solution

Question: Describe about the Basic Principles and Theory of Cloud Security Exploits? Answer: Cloud computing majority comprises of delivering computing resources like applications, storage, infrastructure as services provided by service providers to the end users. All kind of services are accessed by web browsers which is like on demand. The cloud service providers offers service based on requirement and ensure good quality. Basically cloud computing is three types Infrastructure as service (IaaS): Here servers, networking devices, memory and storage are provided as service to the end users. Computational resources like more number of cores and fast instructions per cycle are made available for users as on-demand services. IaaS uses the virtualization technology to provide virtual machines to the end users on demand this allows clients to build complex network infrastructures. This will easy the deployment and administration of networking devices becomes easy. This makes the business more easy. Platform-as-a-Service (PaaS): It provides the development platform for the user to design of their own applications depends on their need. This kind of service model provides implemented libraries, tools and frameworks to develop the applications for the end users. This gives the end users to control the application deployment and configuration settings. Because of this developers are not required to buty any software just get the platform required from the service provider and design and build application. GoogleApps is an example of PaaS; it is a suite of Google tools that includes Gmail, Google Groups, Google Calendar, Google Docs, Google Talk, and Google Sites. Software-as-a-Service (SaaS): This provides the application for need of the requirements. Rent the application instead of buying it. Suppose excel is required to prepare some statics then just barrow the application from service providers and use it for required amount of time instead of buying the software. These three services provides the different services to the end user and at the same time provides the information on security issues and risks of cloud. DOS attack: Denial of service attack is to make user not able to access the host or network by disrupt their state so that its service not reached to user. These kind of issues comes depends on the kind of service. Flooding is the common type of attack any heckers use for DOS attack, here flood the victim system or service host with bogus requests which are as legitimate requests so that service is stopped because of heavy load. In cloud services these kind of flood attacks are differentiated as two types direct DOS and indirect DOS. Large volume of requests flooded into service provided by cloud server in this cloud provider is responsible for providing the load balancing to service so busy in providing that to the one user whose provided service is over loaded while other users won't get good service from service provider as it is busy, this is called direct DOS. If the victim server is doing load balancing and part of it offloaded to other servers as part of load balancing strategy which make other servers also vulnerable to DOS attack, this is called indirect DOS. Malicious insider: Companies and organizations can't trust the people inside when it storing the users data, so it is very important to store user data even insiders can't access without proper protocol. In cloud while moving all users data which is maintained by organization into some private cloud which is maintained by some third party, is it safe to trust the third parties over the data. Rouge kind of administrators has privilege to steal the unprotected data and can do brute force over the passwords and get the customers data on demand. The insiders who knows the cloud operational capabilities can identify the cloud vulnerabilities and attack on it to get the sensitive information. Cyber Theft Online: Storage service provided by the cloud computing makes the business organization very cost effective and no need of administration overhead over the sensitive data. This will reduce cost in buying new servers and maintaining them. So many companies are storing data using cloud. One major cloud service provider do maintain all the sensitive data of business organizations. Consider example of Netflix use the amazon web service for storing data of TV episodes and movies, Dropbox storage service to many user for their personal information. These kind of Cloud services are as daily part of every ones life. So all the sensitive information stored at single place so single target for attackers which gives huge information at little cost compare traditional way. These days many people using the social networking sites for interaction with the friends and shares profiles and personal information also. According to survey 35 percent people are using social sites have accounts in all sites which makes the attackers to grab the attention to get the information. Recently linkedln the worlds largest professional networking website has 175 million users has breached and approximately 6.4 million stolen hashed passwords dumped into russian website and more than 200 thousand passwords are cracked. Stolen username and password from one website can be used to access the other websites as it is very successful for many users. Recently dropbox found some logins are malicious who used the login details obtained from other social website. Wrapping Attack: Web browser used to send service request by client and the service communication uses the Simple Object Access Protocol messages and transmit them using HTTP with format of Extensible Markup Language. One security mechanism WS-Security is used for the confidentiality and data integrity of SOAP messages transmitted between the clients and servers. Data integrity maintained by using digital on the message and for Confidentiality message encryption is used to protection on eves dropping. This makes the client authenticated and the server can validate that the message is not tampered with during transmission. Web servers validating the signed requests at that time attackers by using the XML signature wrapping and exploit the weakness, attack launched when SOAP message exchanged between the legitimate user and the web server. Attacked duplicates the users login session and added the bogus elements into message which will wrapped, it makes the original body message under the wrapped and malicious code is replaced on top of the contents of the message, this modified message sends to server and the server validation fine because the original body not changed so the server is tricked and authorize the message that has been altered. Because of this hacker gain the unauthorized access to the protected resources and process intended operations. All cloud computing services via web browser so wrapping attacks can be launched easily on to the cloud service provider servers, which makes the users as victims. In 2008 discovered cloud service provider who is vulnerable to the wrapping attack. This is because later identified as bug in validation process done by amazon cloud. It is vulnerability in SOAP message security validation algorithm. Interception and modification can be done to legitimate user SOAP request, as a result hackers could take unprivileged actions on victims accounts in clouds. The same XML signature wrapping technique can be used to heck the account in amazon AWS just by altering the authorized signed SOAP messages and hacker get the permission to access, delete, create user account. Counter measures: Malware injection security methods The major security concern in cloud computing is malware injection attack. These kind of attacks can be nullified using File Allocation Table kind of system architecture. In the FAT table instance of all customers will be there so in advance can be recognized them using FAT table. Now the old instance and new instance are there to compare to determine the validity and integrity of the instances so that malware injection can prevented like this. In other way of nullifying the malware injection is storing the hash value of the original service instance image file and by performing the integrity check between the original and new service instances images to identify the malwar injection instance. In this malware injection can be identified. Data Protection Insiders may do stealing of data intentionally or accidentally but lose of data can happen in any case. So policies have take care of the data stealing by the insiders. It is very difficult identify the behavior of insider who steals data. Need deploy better security measures for the insider threats. Tools like data lose prevention and malicious behavior patterns identifications encrypting of sensitive information while storing it self, decoy technology for authentication and authorization. Policy Amendment Cloud service registration can be done by who has credit card and utilize the service which is giving advantage to hackers to get the fraud credit cards and get the access of service and getting computing power of cloud based solutions and exploit the user data. They are doing all malicious activities such as spamming and attacking the other computing systems. By Doing blocking of users who are publicly announced by some investigations teams and monitor the credit card fraud and changes the policies such way that cloud computing power can't be utilized by the attackers via weak registration policy. Mange and administration of networks in proper way so that least vulnerable to attackers. For example, Amazon re defined user policy like isolate any offending instance which is raised like spam or malware coming through Amazon EC2. Control access Private and sensitive data of end users is stored in cloud users can get the access to their data under the given access control mechanisms. For the physical computing systems continuous monitoring on the request coming and response served to it and analyzing the traffic makes the security techniques more efficient. Many security tools like firewalls and intrusion detection are used to restrict the illegal access and grant the legal access to the data. Majority all traffic is monitored to catch hold of illegal access of data. Future Work: Cloud computing is major important developments for giving service to different level where every service can offered via browser in just one click away. As the more benefits, more security vulnerabilities are there and bringing more challenges for all service providers and more vulnerabilities still exist in cloud so hackers are exploiting those security holes. For providing best quality to the end user required to nullify these security flaws at the best possible level. Recently more news regarding the NSA eye on the information which is been leaking from third parties and going into the hands of NSA which is something like you are not the one who is looking into your data. Scott Hazdra said in the news that U.S and many companies keeping eye on the data stored in the internet and clouds and transmitting as it is to the required sources which is not good for the users who uses the cloud. It is big security risk and may be threat to the users who store the information on the internet. This kind of one risk can't be avoided in the wolrd of internet and increases more with cloud features. At any point privacy is always big concern with the cloud which is like companies or third parties and insiders who can breach into cloud to steal the information and big threat is intrusion of the government also. Confidentiality is big threat to the companies who store information as because competitors try to steal the information, so all companies store the information in encrypted form irrespective of competitor. This is costly for hackers when compare to advantage they get from information so less attacks but now in cloud everything stores there one shot many pots. One compromises all compromised which is big plus for the hackers to try and steal data with little extra cost. This is one of the big problems in the current cloud industry. Cloud makes life of users completely into internet which makes their more explored and into internet. Every user try store irrespective of type of data as it is more friendly so at any stage Any information can be observed over internet about any person. This gives advantage to the hackers to crack the accounts of very far distance people so that unable to trace if any personal information is compromised. Security of data and privacy protection of data is major issues and they are basic important issues which are separation of sensitive control of access. It is very important for cloud solution providers to provide kind of security which is like levels of organization while providing protection to the users. Some frameworks and utilities are required to build while accessing the cloud and data so that privacy to users can be provided. Mobility of companies is very common in industry so customer service to users while activating and deactivating the account should be done veryquick and good service is needed. Previous employees should not able to get the insides of the organizations cloud as is it quite natural that inside people get clarity on the vulnerabilities on the cloud and where to exploit and when to exploit these details gives advantages for the employees who leaves the organization and try to attack on the cloud for their personal needs. So it is very essential that cloud o rganization takes required steps while removing any employee. Cloud organization suppose to be very transparent about their agreements with the government so that people aware what to keep what not. It is very offensive that organizations provide data to government without any information to the user. This kind of leaks gives advantage to government officials so that they try get the required users private information to full fill theirpersonal needs. This is completely illegal. References: 1) CSA cloud security alliancelink: https://cloudsecurityalliance.org/2) Adam Greenberg, Mar 06, 2015, top concern regarding cloud adoptionlink: https://www.scmagazine.com/study-financial-firms-cite-data-security-as-top-concern-regarding-cloud-adoption/article/402201/3) Charles Badcock, Mar 03, 2014, Cloud Threatslink: https://www.informationweek.com/cloud/infrastructure-as-a-service/9-worst-cloud-security-threats/d/d-id/1114085 4) Security ascepts of cloudlink: https://cloudsecurity.org/5) Cloud Security Fundamentalslink: https://www.sans.org/course/cloud-security-fundamentals6) IBM cloudlink: https://www.ibm.com/cloud-computing/in/en/security.html7) Ted Samson, Feb 25th 2013, cloud securitylink:https://www.infoworld.com/article/2613560/cloud-security/cloud-security-9-top-threats-to-cloud-computing-security.html?null8) Victoria Ivey, Dec 16th 2014, cloud-securitylink:https://www.cio.com/article/2380182/cloud-security/5-tips-to-keep-your-data-secure-on-the-cloud.html9) https://www.sa fenet-inc.com/data-protection/virtualization-cloud-security/10) https://www.porticor.com/11) https://www.symantec.com/cloud-computing-software/12) https://www.mcafee.com/in/solutions/cloud-security/cloud-security.aspx13) https://www.vormetric.com/data-security-solutions/cloud-data-security14) https://www.cloudcredential.org/certifications/pcs/15) https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/cloud-service-security-principles/cloud-service-security-principles16) https://www.csoonline.com/category/cloud-security/17) https://www.alertlogic.com/resources/cloud-security-report/18) https://www.zdnet.com/article/cloud-security-reports-slam-data-protection-national-internets-access-myths/ 19) https://www.bitdefender.com/business/small-office-security.html20) https://www.intel.com/content/www/us/en/enterprise-security/processors-with-built-in-cloud-security.html21) https://www.cloudschool.com/certifications/security22) https://www.imfacademy.com/areasofexpertise/information_technology/cloud_sec urity.php23) https://www.cisco.com/c/en/us/products/security/cloud-web-security/index.html24) https://www.websense.com/content/cloud-web-security-features.aspx

Lord Of The Flies Essays (2081 words) - Fiction,

Lord of The Flies Lord of The Flies At the start of the novel, there has been an atomic explosion, and the children have been evacuated in an aircraft with a detachable passenger tube. The aircraft has been attacked and released the tube while flying over tropical seas. The tube has crash landed in the jungle of a tropical island, and the plane has flown off in flames. This is the point when the novel starts. There are four main characters in the book ? Ralph, Piggy, Jack and Simon. Simon is part of the choir, which is led by Jack, but Ralph and Piggy are not members of the choir, and are in no way related. There are no adults ? "There aren't any grown ups" (P.43) Ralph has found a "conch" (P.21), and has used it to call all the boys on the island together. This is where Jack is introduced into "Lord of the Flies" "Something dark was fumbling along" (P.26). This refers to the choir walking along the beach in the distance. This use of language shows us that the choir is dark, evil, and sinister, and immediately Golding tells us that this group will not be a "good" force on the island. The choir are a militaristic group ? "marching approximately...with a hambone frill" (P.26). This shows us that their leader is in total control of the group. This leader is Jack ? "The boy who controlled them...his cap badge was golden" (P.26) This shows the authority and status that Jack has over the choir. When the choir reach the platform, Jack shows off ? "swaying in the fierce light...his cloak flying" (P.27). This is an attempt to impress the group, create a good impression, enough so he commands their respect as well as the choirs', enough so that he can eventually control them as well as the choir. Jack does not introduce himself to everyone; he first words to the group are "Where's the man with the trumpet?" (P.27). He just gives out demands, and expects the group to answer him. This is what he is used to. Jack is a direct contrast with Ralph ? "peered down at Ralph...(the conch) did not seem to satisfy him" (P.27) This shows us that he believes no-one is as good a leader as him, and that the conch, which called the group together, is below him. This is "simple arrogance" (P.29) on the part of Jack. He uses his cloak as a prop ? "Inside the floating cloak he was tall, thin, and bony" (P.27). He uses the cloak (a sign of power) to make him into something he's not, he uses it to gain authority. "His hair was red beneath the black cap" (P.27). The colour of his hair shows signs of a fiery temper, and the colour of his cap reinforces his sinister side. Jacks main aim of the assemblies in the novel are to first become chief, and then control the group. He says on page twenty-nine with "simple arrogance", "I ought to be chief." Jack believes that no-one else has the right to control him, and he should be in control of everyone. During the assemblies, he rejects Piggy ? "Shut up, Fatty" (P.28). He has no respect for Piggy (due to his appearance), even though Piggy could be a very useful asset to the group. He takes control of the assembly ? "We've got to..." (P.29). Jack does this because he wants to decide and be in control of what the group does. When the boys on the island say they want to vote on a chief, Jack "started to protest" (P.30). This is because Jack knows that he is not in control of the boys on the island who are not in the choir, which is the majority, and therefore they will not vote for him. He also believes that he should be proclaimed the leader of the group without voting, because in his opinion, no-one has the right to be in control of him. This is because he is a natural leader, and has never been in a position without control. This is born out when Ralph is voted chief ? "and the freckles...a blush of mortification" (P.30). Jack is very embarrassed when he is, for the first time in his life, not in total control. Jack's personality makes him use violence to command respect ? "Jack snatched from behind him a sizeable sheath-knife and clouted it into a trunk" (P.32), "Jack slammed his knife into a trunk and looked round challengingly"

Ceptic sores Essays

Ceptic sores Essays Ceptic sores Essay Ceptic sores Essay But like the mothers some would oppose it. There concerns would have be the same as the mothers. Also they may feel that they should be there for their mothers as they would be alone, and that the mothers would also need some protection. I will now look how the British Government reacted to the evacuations. It was the Government who issued the evacuations and therefore would obviously support it. The Government was acting on the opposing danger, which would gain support with the public, if they were acting on the safety of the children, because of this the Government would like the evacuation as they may gain more votes for upcoming elections. The Government would also welcome the evacuations because these children were the future, no one knew how long the war would go on for and these children could eventually be fighting the Germans. Also you didnt want a shortage of children, as it would affect the futures economy as they would be the workers in years to come. They may also welcome it because children may help on farms, and therefore more is produced from the farms, and so boasting Britains economy. Though, there may have been some in the British Government that didnt like the evacuations. Children spend a lot of money on sweets, toys and games etc. So if they are not in the cities the income of cities would go down. Some may also worry that the education they were receiving would not be up to scratch, and that the evacuees would be below the expected intelligence. The next group I will look at will be the civil defence (this is police, the home front doctors etc. ). In general they would feel that evacuations were needed. If for example a building was bombed the civil defences would be working to keep people safe and get hurt people to hospital etc. But you would have children running around screaming and crying and basically getting in the civil defences way. They would not like this as they could not work properly, but now that children had been evacuated they could work more efficiently. Also it meant that they didnt have to worry about children for example being stuck in a bombed building, so more attention could be paid to adults. But the civil defences in the countryside, would likely hate the evacuations. Children would get in their way, and they would find them annoying and tiresome. It just has the opposite effect to the civil defences in the cities. Finally I will look at the reactions of the hosts themselves. This group would probably give the most varied reactions to the evacuations. If you were a farmer it meant you now had extra pairs of hands for help, and would therefore like having evacuees. There would have been some people who didnt have or couldnt have children, and this meant that for a temporary basis they were parents. Some would feel that being so far away from cities made it impossible to help the war effort, but this was the opportunity to do so, and so the would welcome it. But many would not like the evacuations. Many of the hosts were elderly and they may have found the children very hyper-active and too much. They would not enjoy the company of the evacuees. Many of the children may have been seen as very common. The hosts may not like this as the children may be very disrespectful and rude. They would obviously not want people like this under their roofs. In the booklet page6, source 15, it says how the children had to be fumigated (gassed), this suggests how dirty and unhygienic they were. People did not want to live with children this dirty. It also says many children suffered from scabies and sceptic sores. Again suggesting how dirty and unhygienic they were. I think it just depended on what the children were like, if they were pleasant and clean you were likely to enjoy the experience. If they were crude and dirty youd probably hate it. In conclusion to this the evacuation of children was supported by many. Most people accepted it was the correct action to take. They felt it was necessary that the children were safe as they would be a major role to Britain in the future.

Church Reform and Religious Enthusiasm in late 11th-early 12th century Essay

Church Reform and Religious Enthusiasm in late 11th-early 12th century - Essay Example instituted was to ensure that the Church became the sole focus of all individuals in Western Europe, so that it could not only enforce its authority over the whole of Christendom, but it could also be the main arbiter between the diverse secular rulers who ruled the principalities and kingdoms of Europe. One of the most controversial issues to come about because of these reforms was lay investiture, which developed because of the determination of the Church to ensure that there was a complete removal of secular influence on clerical appointments. It was believed that lay investiture had a corrupting influence on the Church and that it was the reason why the Church had moved away from its original spiritual nature to one which was almost completely immersed in secular interests. Thus, while in the short-term the ban in lay investiture promoted the Church’s power, in the long-term, it led to the erosion of this power as powerful monarchs came to disregard the authority of the po pe. The lay investiture controversy that came about as a result of the Gregorian reforms has come to be considered as a major turning point not only in the history of the Church, but also that of Europe as well. This is because it led to a situation where the Church chose to take up the authority, which had essentially been usurped by monarchs for centuries. Lay investiture involved the practice of secular rulers conferring clerical titles to individuals without necessarily having to seek the approval of the papacy.2 It is essential to note that during the medieval period, monarchs often had almost absolute authority over the church in their domains and they used this authority to ensure that the Church did their bidding, especially through the appointment of either their relatives or strong supporters into powerful positions within it.3 Thus, archbishops, bishops, and even abbots and abbesses were often the relatives of the lay rulers to whom they owed their first loyalty before their

Health, safety and enviroment managment Personal Statement

Health, safety and enviroment managment - Personal Statement Example I chose to study ‘Health, Safety, and Environment Management’ because my former education and professional career are skewed toward this area of specialization. Technically and professionally, I have a solid background, but there is dire need of a weighty academic advancement not only to deepen my own knowledge and understanding of health and safety management, but also to have my experience validated. I wish to continue studying at Leeds Beckett because it is one of the top-ranked universities in the UK and is popular for its quality of education in the Bachelor Degree program I am interested in. The course contents including drilling, decommission, construction, and policy formation regarding corporate health and safety are all integral parts of my daily work as a senior safety technician. Getting this degree will enable me to be more productive with thorough knowledge of the processes and the ensuing informed decision

Art Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 8

Art - Essay Example In this definition, art was now seen as a means of livelihood but still possesses skill which is in line with the 12th century definition. There was a change in attitude during the age of enlightenment in the 18th century, and art was defined as â€Å"a pursuit or occupation in which skill is directed toward the ratification of taste or production of what is beautiful†. This means that the artist should aim to produce his or her piece into something that is beautiful. In this century we can now hear that art is now associated with beauty, taste and elegance. In the 18th century, artists such as Fragonard, Gainsborough, Tiepolo and writers elevated their social status in the community because of the development of these new standards. Matthew Arnold a British poet stated in the 19th century that â€Å"we mean by art not merely an aim to please, but also pure and faultless workmanship†. What Arnold means by this is that artists should exhibit skill in their work of art wh ich he referred to as â€Å"pure and faultless workmanship† as stated above, but will also aim to create something that is of aesthetic beauty. Arnold was being defensive on this well established idea that artist should exhibit skill because he reaffirms the idea of the Avante Grade that the artist should be the center of what art is. In this century artists were viewed as prophets of the new cultural ideas which are taking more extensive liberties to the idea of technique, subject matter and interpretation. Avant Garde is a group of people who are active in invention and applying new techniques in a given field such as arts. The Avant Garde artists that is possessing creative talents are separated from the ordinary mortals and were viewed as a special and sublime class of people. Due to Avant Garde’s role in art, artist introduced a myth that before great artists gets fully appreciated they have to die. This is because these artists are so great that their