Lord Of The Flies Essays (2081 words) - Fiction,

Lord of The Flies Lord of The Flies At the start of the novel, there has been an atomic explosion, and the children have been evacuated in an aircraft with a detachable passenger tube. The aircraft has been attacked and released the tube while flying over tropical seas. The tube has crash landed in the jungle of a tropical island, and the plane has flown off in flames. This is the point when the novel starts. There are four main characters in the book ? Ralph, Piggy, Jack and Simon. Simon is part of the choir, which is led by Jack, but Ralph and Piggy are not members of the choir, and are in no way related. There are no adults ? "There aren't any grown ups" (P.43) Ralph has found a "conch" (P.21), and has used it to call all the boys on the island together. This is where Jack is introduced into "Lord of the Flies" "Something dark was fumbling along" (P.26). This refers to the choir walking along the beach in the distance. This use of language shows us that the choir is dark, evil, and sinister, and immediately Golding tells us that this group will not be a "good" force on the island. The choir are a militaristic group ? "marching approximately...with a hambone frill" (P.26). This shows us that their leader is in total control of the group. This leader is Jack ? "The boy who controlled them...his cap badge was golden" (P.26) This shows the authority and status that Jack has over the choir. When the choir reach the platform, Jack shows off ? "swaying in the fierce light...his cloak flying" (P.27). This is an attempt to impress the group, create a good impression, enough so he commands their respect as well as the choirs', enough so that he can eventually control them as well as the choir. Jack does not introduce himself to everyone; he first words to the group are "Where's the man with the trumpet?" (P.27). He just gives out demands, and expects the group to answer him. This is what he is used to. Jack is a direct contrast with Ralph ? "peered down at Ralph...(the conch) did not seem to satisfy him" (P.27) This shows us that he believes no-one is as good a leader as him, and that the conch, which called the group together, is below him. This is "simple arrogance" (P.29) on the part of Jack. He uses his cloak as a prop ? "Inside the floating cloak he was tall, thin, and bony" (P.27). He uses the cloak (a sign of power) to make him into something he's not, he uses it to gain authority. "His hair was red beneath the black cap" (P.27). The colour of his hair shows signs of a fiery temper, and the colour of his cap reinforces his sinister side. Jacks main aim of the assemblies in the novel are to first become chief, and then control the group. He says on page twenty-nine with "simple arrogance", "I ought to be chief." Jack believes that no-one else has the right to control him, and he should be in control of everyone. During the assemblies, he rejects Piggy ? "Shut up, Fatty" (P.28). He has no respect for Piggy (due to his appearance), even though Piggy could be a very useful asset to the group. He takes control of the assembly ? "We've got to..." (P.29). Jack does this because he wants to decide and be in control of what the group does. When the boys on the island say they want to vote on a chief, Jack "started to protest" (P.30). This is because Jack knows that he is not in control of the boys on the island who are not in the choir, which is the majority, and therefore they will not vote for him. He also believes that he should be proclaimed the leader of the group without voting, because in his opinion, no-one has the right to be in control of him. This is because he is a natural leader, and has never been in a position without control. This is born out when Ralph is voted chief ? "and the freckles...a blush of mortification" (P.30). Jack is very embarrassed when he is, for the first time in his life, not in total control. Jack's personality makes him use violence to command respect ? "Jack snatched from behind him a sizeable sheath-knife and clouted it into a trunk" (P.32), "Jack slammed his knife into a trunk and looked round challengingly"

Ceptic sores Essays

Ceptic sores Essays Ceptic sores Essay Ceptic sores Essay But like the mothers some would oppose it. There concerns would have be the same as the mothers. Also they may feel that they should be there for their mothers as they would be alone, and that the mothers would also need some protection. I will now look how the British Government reacted to the evacuations. It was the Government who issued the evacuations and therefore would obviously support it. The Government was acting on the opposing danger, which would gain support with the public, if they were acting on the safety of the children, because of this the Government would like the evacuation as they may gain more votes for upcoming elections. The Government would also welcome the evacuations because these children were the future, no one knew how long the war would go on for and these children could eventually be fighting the Germans. Also you didnt want a shortage of children, as it would affect the futures economy as they would be the workers in years to come. They may also welcome it because children may help on farms, and therefore more is produced from the farms, and so boasting Britains economy. Though, there may have been some in the British Government that didnt like the evacuations. Children spend a lot of money on sweets, toys and games etc. So if they are not in the cities the income of cities would go down. Some may also worry that the education they were receiving would not be up to scratch, and that the evacuees would be below the expected intelligence. The next group I will look at will be the civil defence (this is police, the home front doctors etc. ). In general they would feel that evacuations were needed. If for example a building was bombed the civil defences would be working to keep people safe and get hurt people to hospital etc. But you would have children running around screaming and crying and basically getting in the civil defences way. They would not like this as they could not work properly, but now that children had been evacuated they could work more efficiently. Also it meant that they didnt have to worry about children for example being stuck in a bombed building, so more attention could be paid to adults. But the civil defences in the countryside, would likely hate the evacuations. Children would get in their way, and they would find them annoying and tiresome. It just has the opposite effect to the civil defences in the cities. Finally I will look at the reactions of the hosts themselves. This group would probably give the most varied reactions to the evacuations. If you were a farmer it meant you now had extra pairs of hands for help, and would therefore like having evacuees. There would have been some people who didnt have or couldnt have children, and this meant that for a temporary basis they were parents. Some would feel that being so far away from cities made it impossible to help the war effort, but this was the opportunity to do so, and so the would welcome it. But many would not like the evacuations. Many of the hosts were elderly and they may have found the children very hyper-active and too much. They would not enjoy the company of the evacuees. Many of the children may have been seen as very common. The hosts may not like this as the children may be very disrespectful and rude. They would obviously not want people like this under their roofs. In the booklet page6, source 15, it says how the children had to be fumigated (gassed), this suggests how dirty and unhygienic they were. People did not want to live with children this dirty. It also says many children suffered from scabies and sceptic sores. Again suggesting how dirty and unhygienic they were. I think it just depended on what the children were like, if they were pleasant and clean you were likely to enjoy the experience. If they were crude and dirty youd probably hate it. In conclusion to this the evacuation of children was supported by many. Most people accepted it was the correct action to take. They felt it was necessary that the children were safe as they would be a major role to Britain in the future.

Church Reform and Religious Enthusiasm in late 11th-early 12th century Essay

Church Reform and Religious Enthusiasm in late 11th-early 12th century - Essay Example instituted was to ensure that the Church became the sole focus of all individuals in Western Europe, so that it could not only enforce its authority over the whole of Christendom, but it could also be the main arbiter between the diverse secular rulers who ruled the principalities and kingdoms of Europe. One of the most controversial issues to come about because of these reforms was lay investiture, which developed because of the determination of the Church to ensure that there was a complete removal of secular influence on clerical appointments. It was believed that lay investiture had a corrupting influence on the Church and that it was the reason why the Church had moved away from its original spiritual nature to one which was almost completely immersed in secular interests. Thus, while in the short-term the ban in lay investiture promoted the Church’s power, in the long-term, it led to the erosion of this power as powerful monarchs came to disregard the authority of the po pe. The lay investiture controversy that came about as a result of the Gregorian reforms has come to be considered as a major turning point not only in the history of the Church, but also that of Europe as well. This is because it led to a situation where the Church chose to take up the authority, which had essentially been usurped by monarchs for centuries. Lay investiture involved the practice of secular rulers conferring clerical titles to individuals without necessarily having to seek the approval of the papacy.2 It is essential to note that during the medieval period, monarchs often had almost absolute authority over the church in their domains and they used this authority to ensure that the Church did their bidding, especially through the appointment of either their relatives or strong supporters into powerful positions within it.3 Thus, archbishops, bishops, and even abbots and abbesses were often the relatives of the lay rulers to whom they owed their first loyalty before their

Health, safety and enviroment managment Personal Statement

Health, safety and enviroment managment - Personal Statement Example I chose to study ‘Health, Safety, and Environment Management’ because my former education and professional career are skewed toward this area of specialization. Technically and professionally, I have a solid background, but there is dire need of a weighty academic advancement not only to deepen my own knowledge and understanding of health and safety management, but also to have my experience validated. I wish to continue studying at Leeds Beckett because it is one of the top-ranked universities in the UK and is popular for its quality of education in the Bachelor Degree program I am interested in. The course contents including drilling, decommission, construction, and policy formation regarding corporate health and safety are all integral parts of my daily work as a senior safety technician. Getting this degree will enable me to be more productive with thorough knowledge of the processes and the ensuing informed decision

Art Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 8

Art - Essay Example In this definition, art was now seen as a means of livelihood but still possesses skill which is in line with the 12th century definition. There was a change in attitude during the age of enlightenment in the 18th century, and art was defined as â€Å"a pursuit or occupation in which skill is directed toward the ratification of taste or production of what is beautiful†. This means that the artist should aim to produce his or her piece into something that is beautiful. In this century we can now hear that art is now associated with beauty, taste and elegance. In the 18th century, artists such as Fragonard, Gainsborough, Tiepolo and writers elevated their social status in the community because of the development of these new standards. Matthew Arnold a British poet stated in the 19th century that â€Å"we mean by art not merely an aim to please, but also pure and faultless workmanship†. What Arnold means by this is that artists should exhibit skill in their work of art wh ich he referred to as â€Å"pure and faultless workmanship† as stated above, but will also aim to create something that is of aesthetic beauty. Arnold was being defensive on this well established idea that artist should exhibit skill because he reaffirms the idea of the Avante Grade that the artist should be the center of what art is. In this century artists were viewed as prophets of the new cultural ideas which are taking more extensive liberties to the idea of technique, subject matter and interpretation. Avant Garde is a group of people who are active in invention and applying new techniques in a given field such as arts. The Avant Garde artists that is possessing creative talents are separated from the ordinary mortals and were viewed as a special and sublime class of people. Due to Avant Garde’s role in art, artist introduced a myth that before great artists gets fully appreciated they have to die. This is because these artists are so great that their

The Transaction Oriented Middleware

The Transaction Oriented Middleware Middleware is a class of software technologies designed to help manage the complexity and heterogeneity inherent in distributed systems. It is defined as a layer of software above the operating system but below the application program that provides a common programming abstraction across a distributed system. In doing so, it provides a higher-level building block for programmers than Application Programming Interfaces (APIs) such as sockets that are provided by the operating system. This significantly reduces the burden on application programmers by relieving them of this kind of tedious and error-prone programming. Middleware frameworks are designed to mask some of the kinds of heterogeneity that programmers of distributed systems must deal with. They always mask heterogeneity of networks and hardware. Most middleware frameworks also mask heterogeneity of operating systems or programming languages, or both. A few such as CORBA also mask heterogeneity among vendor implementations of the same middleware standard. Finally, programming abstractions offered by middleware can provide transparency with respect to distribution in one or more of the following dimensions: location, concurrency, replication, failures, and mobility. The classical definition of an operating system is the software that makes the hardware useable. Similarly, middleware can be considered to be the software that makes a distributed system programmable. Just as a bare computer without an operating system could be programmed with great difficulty, programming a distributed system is in general much more difficult without middleware, especially when heterogeneous operation is required. Likewise, it is possible to program an application with an assembler language or even machine code, but most programmers find it far more productive to use high-level languages for this purpose, and the resulting code is of course also portable. Usage of Middleware There are various different kinds of middleware that have been developed. These vary in terms of the programming abstractions they provide and the kinds of heterogeneity they provide beyond network and hardware. Generally, middleware services provide a more functional set of application programming interfaces to allow an application to:- Locate transparently across the network, thus providing interaction with another service or application Filter data to make them friendly usable or public via anonymization process for privacy protection (for example) Be independent from network services Be reliable and always available Add complementary attributes like semantics Transaction Oriented Middleware (TOM) (or Distributed Tuples) A distributed relational database offers the abstraction of distributed tuples (i.e. particular instances of an entity), and is the most widely deployed kind of middleware today. It uses Structured Query Language (SQL) which allows programmers to manipulate sets of these tuples in an English-like language yet with intuitive semantics and rigorous mathematical foundations based on set theory and predicate calculus. Distributed relational databases also offer the abstraction of a transaction (which can also be performed using Transactional SQL or TSQL). Distributed relational database products typically offer heterogeneity across programming languages, but most do not offer much, if any, heterogeneity across vendor implementations. Transaction Processing Monitors (TPMs) are commonly used for end-to-end resource management of client queries, especially server-side process management and managing multi-database transactions. As an example consider the JINI framework (built on top of Java Spaces) which is tailored for intelligent networked devices, especially in homes. Advantages Users can access virtually any database for which they have proper access rights from anywhere in the world (as opposed to their deployment in closed environments where users access the system only via a restricted network or intranet) They address the problem of varying levels of interoperability among different database structures. They facilitate transparent access to legacy database management systems (DBMSs) or applications via a web server without regard to database-specific characteristics. Disadvantages This is the oldest form of middleware hence it lacks many features of much recent forms of middleware. Does not perform failure transparency Tight coupling between client and server Remote Procedure Calls A Remote Procedure Call (RPC) is an inter-process communication that allows a computer program to cause a subroutine or procedure to execute in another address space (commonly on another computer on a shared network) without the programmer explicitly coding the details for this remote interaction. That is, the programmer writes essentially the same code whether the subroutine is local to the executing program, or remote. When the software in question uses object-oriented principles, RPC is called remote invocation or remote method invocation. Remote Procedure Call Middleware (RPCM) extends the procedure call interface familiar to virtually all programmers to offer the abstraction of being able to invoke a procedure whose body is across a network. RPC systems are usually synchronous, and thus offer no potential for parallelism without using multiple threads, and they typically have limited exception handling facilities. Advantages Language-level pattern of function call which is easy to understand for programmers. Synchronous request/reply interaction à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Natural from a programming language point-of-view à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Matches replies to requests à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Built in synchronization of requests and replies Distribution transparency (in the no-failure case) à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Hides the complexity of a distributed system Various reliability guarantees à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Deals with some distributed systems aspects of failure Failure Transparency is performed à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ May be due to network and/or server congestion or client, network and/or server failure à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ In such situations an error maybe returned to programmer, either at once or after the RPC library has retried the operation several times. Disadvantages Synchronous request/reply interaction à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Tight coupling between client and server à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Client may block for a long time if server loaded hence needs a multi-threaded client à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Slow/failed clients may delay servers when replying multi-threading essential at servers Distribution Transparency à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Not possible to mask all problems RPC paradigm is not object-oriented à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Invoke functions on servers as opposed to methods on objects Message Oriented Middleware Message-Oriented Middleware (MOM) provides the abstraction of a message queue that can be accessed across a network. It is a generalization of the well-known operating system construct: the mailbox. It is very flexible in how it can be configured with the topology of programs that deposit and withdraw messages from a given queue. Many MOM products offer queues with persistence, replication, or real-time performance. Advantages Asynchronous interaction Client and server are only loosely coupled Messages are queued Good for application integration Support for reliable delivery service Keep queues in persistent storage Processing of messages by intermediate message server(s) May do filtering, transforming, logging, etc. Networks of message servers Natural for database integration Disadvantages 1) Poor programming abstraction (but has evolved) à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Rather low-level (cf. Packets) à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Request/reply more difficult to achieve, but can be done 2) Message formats originally unknown to middleware à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ No type checking (but JMS addresses this in its implementation) 3) Queue abstraction only gives one-to-one communication à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Limits scalability (JMS publisher/subscriber implementation) Java Messaging Service The Java Message Service (JMS) API is a Java Message Oriented Middleware (MOM) API for sending messages between two or more clients. JMS is a part of the Java Platform, Enterprise Edition, and is defined by a specification developed under the Java Community Process as JSR 914. It is a messaging standard that allows application components based on the Java 2 Platform, Enterprise Edition (J2EE) to create, send, receive, and read messages. It allows the communication between different components of a distributed application to be loosely coupled, reliable, and asynchronous. Web Services A web service is a method of communication between two electronic devices. The W3C definition of a web service is as a software system designed to support interoperable machine-to-machine interaction over a network. It has an interface described in a machine-processable format (specifically Web Services Description Language WSDL). Other systems interact with the web service in a manner prescribed by its description using SOAP messages, typically conveyed using HTTP with an XML serialization in conjunction with other Web-related standards. There are two major classes of Web services, REST-compliant Web services and arbitrary Web services. In REST-compliant web services the primary purpose is to manipulate XML representations of Web resources using a uniform set of stateless operations. Whereas in arbitrary web services, the service may expose an arbitrary set of operations. Big web services use Extensible Markup Language (XML) messages that follow the SOAP standard and have been popular with traditional enterprise. In such systems, there is often a machine-readable description of the operations offered by the service written in the Web Services Description Language (WSDL). The latter is not a requirement of a SOAP endpoint, but it is a prerequisite for automated client-side code generation in many Java and .NET SOAP frameworks. IBM MQ Series IBM WebSphere MQ (formerly known as IBM MQSeries) is a message-oriented middleware platform that is part of IBMs WebSphere suite for business integration. Messages are stored in message queues that are handled by queue managers. A queue manager is responsible for the delivery of messages through server-to-server channels to other queue managers. A message has a header and an application body that is opaque to the middleware. No type-checking of messages is done by the middleware. Several programming language bindings of the API to send and receive messages to and from queues exist, among them a JMS interface. WebSphere MQ comes with advanced messaging features, such as transactional support, clustered queue managers for load-balancing and availability, and built-in security mechanisms. Having many features of a request/reply middleware, WebSphere MQ is a powerful middleware, whose strength lies in the simple integration of legacy applications through loosely-coupled queues. Nevertheless, it cannot satisfy the more complex many-to-many communication needs of modern large-scale applications, as it lacks natural support for multi-hop routing and expressive subscriptions. Object Oriented Middleware (OOM) or Distributed Object Middleware (DOM) Object Oriented Middleware provides the abstraction of an object that is remote yet whose methods can be invoked just like those of an object in the same address space as the caller. Distributed objects make all the software engineering benefits of object-oriented techniques encapsulation, inheritance, and polymorphism available to the distributed application developer. Every object-oriented middleware has an interface definition language (IDL) and supports object types as parameters, exception handling and inheritance. It also presents the concept of client and server stubs which act as proxies for servers and clients. The stubs and skeletons are created using the IDL compiler that is provided by the middleware. In addition, the OOM presentation layers need to map object references to the transport format. This is done via marshalling and unmarshalling of serialized objects. Advantages Support for object-oriented programming model Objects, methods, interfaces, encapsulation, etc. Exception handling is supported Synchronous request/reply interaction same as RPC Location Transparency system (ORB) maps object references to locations Services comprising multiple servers are easier to build with OOM RPC programming is in terms of server-interface (operation) RPC system looks up server address in a location service Disdvantages Synchronous request/reply interaction only and therefore ad to implement Asynchronous Method Invocation (AMI) in the technologies. However this led to tight coupling. Distributed garbage collection is available which will automatically release the memory held by unused remote objects OOM is rather static and heavy-weight. This is bad for ubiquitous systems and embedded devices Common Object Request Broker Architecture (CORBA) CORBA is a standard for distributed object computing. It is part of the Object Management Architecture (OMA), developed by the Object Management Group (OMG), and is the broadest distributed object middleware available in terms of scope. It encompasses not only CORBAs distributed object abstraction but also other elements of the OMA which address general purpose and vertical market components helpful for distributed application developers. CORBA offers heterogeneity across programming language and vendor implementations. Distributed Component Object Model (DCOM) DCOM is a distributed object technology from Microsoft that evolved from its Object Linking and Embedding (OLE) and Component Object Model (COM). DCOMs distributed object abstraction is augmented by other Microsoft technologies, including Microsoft Transaction Server and Active Directory. DCOM provides heterogeneity across language but not across operating system or tool vendor. COM+ is the next-generation DCOM that greatly simplifies the programming of DCOM. Remote Method Invocation (RMI) Remote Method Invocation (RMI) is a facility provided by Java which is similar to the distributed object abstraction of CORBA and DCOM. RMI provides heterogeneity across operating system and Java vendor, but not across language. However, supporting only Java allows closer integration with some of its features, which can ease programming and provide greater functionality. The RMI compiler generates stubs and skeletons for the coded Client and Server programs. The server class usually inherits from a pre-coded Unicast Remote server object and a security manager is installed. This class is then registered using the RIM Naming service. Any client can look-up a remote server object on the registry; provided its name is known. Reflective Middleware Reflective middleware is simply a middleware system that provides inspection and adaptation of its behavior through an appropriate causally connected self-representation (CCSR). It is a type of flexible object oriented middleware for mobile and context-awareness applications. Its adaptation to context is through the monitoring and substitution of components. It also provides interfaces for reflection and customizability. Objects can inspect the middleware behavior and it allows for dynamic reconfiguration depending on the behavior. Advantages It is more adaptable to its environment and better able to cope with change Useful in hostile and/ or dynamic environments More suited for multimedia, group communication, real-time and embedded environments, handheld devices and mobile computing environments Event Driven Middleware This is new underlying communication paradigm for building large-scale distributed systems on top of a middleware. Event-based communication is a viable new alternative for the above mentioned middleware types and it uses events as the basic communication mechanism. First, event subscribers, i.e. clients, express their interest in receiving certain events in the form of an event subscription. Then event publishers, i.e. servers, publish events which will be delivered to all interested subscribers. As a result, this model naturally supports a decoupled, many-to-many communication style between publishers and subscribers. A subscriber is usually indifferent to which particular publisher supplies the event that it is interested in. Similarly, a publisher does not need to know about the set of subscribers that will receive a published event. Advantages Asynchronous communication à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Publishers and subscribers are loosely coupled Many-to-many interaction between pubs. and subs. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Scalable scheme for large-scale systems à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Publishers do not need to know subscribers, and vice-versa à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Dynamic join and leave of pubs, subs, (brokers see lecture DS-8) Topic and Content-based pub/sub very expressive à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Filtered information delivered only to interested parties à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Efficient content-based routing through a broker network Hermes This is a scalable, event-based middleware architecture that facilitates the building of large-scale distributed systems. Hermes has a distributed implementation that adheres to the design models developed in the previous chapter. It is based on an implementation of a peer-to-peer routing layer to create a self-managed overlay network of event brokers for routing events. Its content-based routing algorithm is highly scalable because it does not require global state to be established at all event brokers. Hermes is also resilient against failure through the automatic adaptation of the overlay broker network and the routing state at event brokers. An emphasis is put on the middleware aspects of Hermes so that its typed events support a tight integration with an application programming language. Two versions of Hermes exist that share most of the codebase: an implementation in a large-scale, distributed systems simulator, and a full implementation with communication between distributed event brokers. Advantages Logical Network of Self-Organizing Event Brokers (P2P) Scalable Design and Routing Algorithms Expressive Content-Based Filtering Clean Layered Design Cambridge Event Architecture (CEA) The Cambridge Event Architecture (CEA) was created in the early 90s to address the emerging need for asynchronous communication in multimedia and sensor-rich applications. It introduced the publish-register-notify paradigm for building distributed applications. This design paradigm allows the simple extension of synchronous request/reply middleware, such as CORBA, with asynchronous publish/subscribe communication. Middleware clients that become event sources (publishers) or event sinks (subscribers) are standard middleware objects. First, an event source has to advertise (publish) the events that it produces; for example, in a name service. In addition to regular methods in its synchronous interface, an event source has a special register method so that event sinks can subscribe (register ) to events produced by this source. Finally, the event source performs an asynchronous callback to the event sinks notify method (notify) according to a previous subscription. Note that event filtering happens at the event sources, thus reducing communication overhead. The drawback of this is that the implementation of an event source becomes more complex since it has to handle event filtering. Despite the low latency, direct communication between event sources and sinks causes a tight coupling between clients. To address this, the CEA includes event mediators, which can decouple event sources from sinks by implementing both the source and sink interfaces, acting as a buffer between them. Chaining of event mediators is supported but general content-based routing, as done by other distributed publish/subscribe systems, is not part of the architecture.

The British Expeditionary Forceâ??s intervention in World War I :: essays research papers

When France, Britain and Russia entered the Triple Entente, Germany was faced with a problem. It wanted to capture France but knew that if it attacked then Russia would invade and it would face a war on two fronts. The Schlieffen plan was a solution to this threat. The plan was to invade France through Belgium and then to quickly to encircle Paris by flanking around it from the north. Once Paris was in German hands France would be relatively secure, leaving Germany to deal with Russia to the East. There were a number of reasons for the failure of the Schlieffen plan; it relied on a series of assumptions in order to succeed. The Germans assumed that Russia would take a long time to mobilise its forces from all over a large country. The Germans also forgot about the treaty signed by both Prussia and Britain in 1839, stating that they would defend the neutrality of newly formed Belgium, the Kaiser called it a ‘scrap of paper’ but it may well have lost Germany the war. During the course of the war the British Expeditionary Force which arrived very soon after the invasion of Belgium had a very important role in slowing down German forces. Despite its comparatively small size of 70,000 men the BEF was very effective in fighting alongside French units in order to inflict many casualties upon their attackers. Sir John French ordered the force to defend the town of Mons and they did so very effectively, holding the town against huge opposition before eventually falling back. I think that the BEF was one of a number of issues that Von Schlieffen did not account for in his plan and that altogether these meant that the plan failed. Although the British Expeditionary Force played a very important role it was certainly not the only cause of the problems encountered by Germany in executing the Schlieffen plan. Other factor which played a major role were the defence put up by Belgian forces and the speed of Russia’s mobilisation, neither of which Germany was expecting. The Schlieffen plan was to capture France within six weeks; Germany assumed that during much of this time Russia would still me amassing its forces, in fact within 10 days Russia was mobilised to attack Germany from the eastern front with more forces than could be contained by Austria-Hungary and so some German units were forced to return in order to defend their homeland from attack, this weakened their advance through France.

Buisiness Implication of Exchange Rates

BUSINESS IMPLICATIONS OF EXCHANGE-RATE CHANGES BUSINESS IMPLICATIONS OF EXCHANGE-RATE CHANGES Market Decisions On the marketing side, exchange rates can affect demand for a company’s products at home and abroad. A country such as Mexico may force down the value of its currency if its exports become too expensive owing to relatively high inflation. Even though inflation would cause the peso value of the Mexican products to rise, the devaluation means that it takes less foreign currency to buy the pesos, thus allowing the Mexican products to remain competitive.One interesting ramification of a peso depreciation is the impact of the cheaper Mexican goods on exporters from other countries. For example, the cheaper Mexican goods flooding the market in Argentina might take away market share from Italian exporters, thus affecting the Italian economy. A good example of the marketing impact of exchange rate changes is the problem that Japanese car manufacturers were having selling to t he United States in 1986 and 1987 due to the sharp rise in the value of the yen.As the dollar fell 47 percent against the yen in the 16 months ending in December 1986, Japanese car companies found that their cost advantage had disappeared, prices had to be increased, and profit margins had to be trimmed in order to remain competitive. In addition, Korean cars were making inroads due to the low costs and prices of Korean products. Thus a currency depreciation could result in foreign products becoming so expensive in a country like the United States that U. S. roducts soon would pick up market share from imports. The key is whether or not the percentage of devaluation exceeds the relative increase in inflation. In the case of Japan, the strengthening of the Japanese yen in the latter part of 1990 was advantageous to the Japanese in one sense—the cost of imports. Oil prices skyrocketed in late 1990 as Iraq invaded Kuwait, and oil is priced in dollars. Because the yen was rising against the dollar, the stronger yen offset the higher cost of oil.Production Decisions Production decisions also could be affected by an exchange-rate change. A manufacturer in a country with high wages and operating expenses might be tempted to locate production in a country such as Argentina (where the austral is rapidly losing value) because a foreign currency could buy lots of aus-trals, making the initial investment relatively cheap. Another reason for locating in a country such as Argentina is that goods manufactured there would be relatively cheap in world markets.However, a firm could accomplish the same purpose by going to any country whose currency is expected to remain weak in relation to that of the parent-country currency. The attractiveness of a weak-currency country must be balanced with the potential problems of investing there. Financial Decisions The final business area where exchange rates make a difference is in finance, The areas of finance that are most affect ed are the sourcing of financial re- sources, the remittance of funds across national borders, and the financial statements.There might be a temptation to borrow money where interest rates are lowest. However, we mentioned earlier that interest-rate differentials often are compensated for in the money markets through exchange-rate changes. In the area of financial flows, a parent company would want to convert local currency into the parent’s own currency when exchange rates are most favorable so that it can maximize its return. However, countries with weak currencies often have currency controls, making it difficult to manage the flow of funds optimally.Finally, exchange-rate changes also can influence the reporting of financial results. A simple example can illustrate the impact that exchange rates can have on income. If the Mexican subsidiary of a U. S. company earns 100 million pesos when the exchange rate is 200 pesos per dollar, the dollar equivalent of income is $500,00 0. If the peso depreciates to 300 pesos per dollar, the dollar equivalent of income falls to $333,333.The opposite would occur if the local currency appreciates against the parent currency. LOOKING TO THE FUTURE The international monetary system has undergone significant reform in the past two decades. As the historically planned economies undergo a transition to market economies, they will feel significant pressure on their exchange rates. High rates of inflation and weak demand for those currencies will lead to major devaluations—certainly a key factor affecting the Russian rouble in March and April of 1991.The European Monetary System should continue to strengthen, and national economic policies will be coordinated more closely as the Europeans move closer to a common currency. However, the weaker economies of some of the new entrants into the EC will continue to plague harmonization and the problems arising during the reunification of Germany will keep the German mark fro m soaring too high against the currencies of the other EC members. Some of the most interesting changes in currency values will take place in the â€Å"more flexible† category.Countries in the â€Å"adjusted according to a set of indicators† and â€Å"other managed floating† categories need to gain greater control over their economies in order to move to the â€Å"independently floating† category. Countries in the latter category are under constant pressure to control inflation and to keep from being tempted to intervene in the markets. Firms will face constant pressure to understand the factors influencing particular exchange rates and to adjust corporate strategy in anticipation of rate movements. Their job will only get easier if exchange rate volatility diminishes

Placenta Previa Essays

Placenta Previa Essays Placenta Previa Essay Placenta Previa Essay Abstract The paper discussion is about Placenta Previa a medical condition observed, and that occurs in women during birth. The paper begins b giving an introduction of the term Placenta Previa sampling the data survey together with the degree of the disease. The paper further presents a credible discussion on the pathology discussing some of the causes and risks. Diagnosis is also looked it with the article pointing out some of the significant procedures and care taken to help in prevention and treatment of Placenta Previa. Prognosis and management outline some of the primary managerial procedures to be taken and observed to prevent and help one with Placenta Previa. Finally, the paper gives a conclusion of the recap of all the discussion in the article. Introduction Placenta Previa is a condition in which the placenta implants in the lower portion of the uterus and covers all or part of the internal cervical os. The incidence according to the survey is that 1 out of 200 women giving birth. The major difficulty with classification system is accounting for the potentially changing relationship between the placenta and cervix during the third trimester, especially as labor progresses (Nyberg, 2003). Degrees of Placenta Previa are described concerning the internal os prior or the onset of labor. There are four types or degree of Placenta Previa: Total Placenta Previa is where the internal os is entirely covered by the placenta Marginal Placenta Previa is whereby the edging of the placenta is close to the internal os. Partial Placenta Previa is where the internal os is partly sheltered by the placenta. Low lying Placenta Previa is where lower uterine segment has a placenta implant such that the placental edging has a proximity of the internal os. The incidence of Placenta Previa varies widely with gestational age at diagnosis and the criteria used. The impact at the term of clinically significant Placenta Previa is approximately 0.5% (Nyberg, 2003). Placenta Previa is diagnosed in about 5% of second-trimester pregnancies before genetic amniocentesis. At least 90% of Placenta Previa, therefore, resolves to a standard position by the term. Possible reasons for this improvement are discussed in the following pathology section. Pathology Placenta Previa results from implantation of the blastocyst in the lower uterine segment. Some factors appear to increase the risk of this occurrence, including advancing age, multi-parity, smoking, cocaine use, prior Placenta Previa and parity, previous cesarean delivery and suction curettage related to pregnancy. The firm association between Placenta Previa and parity previous cesarean delivery and curettage suggests that endometrial damage is an etiologic factor. Subsequent pregnancies are more likely to implant in the lower uterine segment by a process of elimination (Mishell, Goodwin Brenner, 2002). Multiple pregnancies are at higher risk because of the reduced surface area of the endometrial available. Improvement in Placenta Previa with gestational age primarily reflects marketed growth of the lower uterine segment during pregnancy which pulls the placenta superiorly. At 20 weeks, the placenta covers approximately one-fourth of the myometrium surface area, but near term the placenta covers one-eighth the myometrial surface. Improvement may also be partly secondary to trophotropism in which the placenta atrophies at suboptimal sites of implantation and hypertrophies at more optimal sites. Diagnosis Placenta Previa is most often diagnosed by routine sonography. In other cases, the initial diagnosis is made at the time of presentation for vaginal bleeding through the second part of pregnancy. In these cases, sonographic confirmation of placental location is recommended before the digital cervical examination. The trans-abdominal ultrasound may confirm the suspicion of Placental Previa (Krishna, Daftary Tank, 1995). When sufficient visualization of the affiliation between the placenta and the internal cervical os is not possible with trans-abdominal ultrasound, the transperineal or transvaginal approach may be beneficial. Careful transvaginal may be beneficial. Careful sonography does not appear to increase the risk of hemorrhage in Placenta Previa. In general, prenatal ultrasound is highly sensitive but not specific for the diagnosis of placenta previa. Therefore, while false negative diagnoses are rare, false positive diagnoses are common depending on the gestational age, the sonographic technique used. This is especially true before the third trimester because of differential growth of the lower segment of the uterus in the second half of pregnancy. Placental Previa is readily diagnosed by the location of the placenta over the cervix. Placenta localization by trans-vaginal examination complements trans-abdominal scans and provides good visualization of the internal os and its relationship to the location of the placenta. Thus, may help to decrease the number of false positive diagnosed with Placenta Previa during early pregnancy (Nyberg, 2003). Prognosis and management Krishna, Daftary and Tank (1995) indicate that patients with a lower lying identify at mid-trimester should be observed with further ultrasound examination until at least 34 weeks, or unequivocal conversion has occurred. Placenta Previa diagnosed by custom second-trimester sonography is managed expectancy. The patient can be a measure that the likelihood of spontaneous resolution is greater than 90%. It is reasonable to recommend avoidance of strenuous activity, but further limitations probably are not necessary early in pregnancy. The placental location should be re-evaluated at 28-30 weeks (Mishell, Goodwin Brenner, 2002). If Placenta Previa persists, the patient should be cautioned that rigorous activity and intercourse might provoke bleeding. Cesarean delivery should be scheduled at a gestational age that will exploit the probability of fetal maturity and diminish the risk of hemorrhage that may effect from the standard commencement of uterine abbreviations. According to Mishell, Goodwin and Brenner (2002) the management of Placenta Previa complicated by acute hemorrhage is directed at optimizing the outcomes of the mother and the fetus. In many cases, bleeding resolves spontaneously and the patient may be managed expectantly. In other cases, severe hemorrhage may require intervention. The management varies dramatically with the severity of the condition. Through ultrasound with color and duplex Doppler should be performed. MRI should be considered. Mild cases of placenta accrete may be treated with hemostatic cultures and removal of the placenta or observation alone. Patients may also be treated with methotrexate (Nyberg, 2003). For more classic, severe cases the usual treatment is hysterectomy at the time of delivery. If the placenta also invades the urinary bladder, however, this may be insufficient to control the hemorrhage. Adequate blood for transfusion must be available at the time of delivery. The goal is to deliver a live, healthy baby and maintain the health of the mother. Conclusion In concluding Placenta Previa is a stipulation whereby the placenta implants in the lower portion of the uterus and covers all or part of the internal cervical. Degrees of Placenta Previa are described concerning the internal os prior or the onset of labor. It results from implantation of the blastocyst in the lower uterine segment. Some factors appear to increase the risk of this occurrence, including advancing age, multi-parity, smoking, cocaine use, prior Placenta Previa and parity, previous cesarean delivery and suction curettage related to pregnancy. Placental Previa is readily diagnosed by the location of the placenta over the cervix. Placenta localization by trans-vaginal examination complements trans-abdominal scans and provides good visualization of the internal os and its relationship to the location of the placenta. the management of Placenta Previa complicated by acute hemorrhage is directed at optimizing the outcomes of the mother and the fetus. References Krishna, U., Daftary, S., Tank, D. K. (1995).Pregnancy at risk: Current concepts. New Delhi, India: Jaypee Bros. Medical Publishers. Mishell, D. R., Goodwin, T. M., Brenner, P. F. (2002).Management of common problems in obstetrics and gynecology. Malden, Mass., USA: Blackwell. Nyberg, D. A. (2003).Diagnostic imaging of fetal anomalies. Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams Wilkins.

Critical Analysis of Letter from Birmingham Jail

Critical Analysis of Letter from Birmingham Jail Introduction The article is about the injustice meted out on the African Americans in the US before the passing of the Civil Rights law that initiated sweeping civil reforms in the US, guaranteeing equal rights for African American citizens. Written as a letter by Martin Luther King Jr., the text criticises the lack of progress in the elimination of oppressive segregation laws in the American South.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Critical Analysis of â€Å"Letter from Birmingham Jail† specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The author further criticizes white Christian leaders in the American South, accusing them of not being vocal enough in condemning the evil inherent in segregation laws. The author accuses these leaders of supporting the status quo by refusing to support the cause of the Americans in their attempt to have these laws changed or repealed. The letter is addressed specifically to the Southern Christi an and Jewish leaders, who had asked the author to stop his non-violent campaigns in Birmingham, for the sake of overall peace in the city. The author, in response, wrote this letter to explain why his campaigns were necessary, and garner their support for similar future campaigns in an attempt to rid the American South of the repressive segregation laws. Author’s Two Main Concerns The author addresses two overriding issues in his attempt to convince these Southern religious leaders (and other concerned readers) why the segregation laws were unjust, and why inaction would never result in a change. The author states that, segregation laws were unjust because they deprived African Americans a sense of self; moreover, African Americans had an obligation to fight these unjust laws. According to the author, the segregation laws made African Americans acquire a sense of inferiority. The author lists the evils that are visited on African Americans because of these laws. African Amer icans were routinely lynched by mobs, killed by police, referred to in derogatory terms such as â€Å"boy†, and denied entry to various social places due to their race (Par. 15). Such events weighed heavily on the consciences of African Americans, leading them to have a belief that they were inherently inferior to their white counterparts. The second issue that the author addresses is the belief that the fight for change and the repeal of these unjust laws cannot be postponed or delayed. Since the Southern religious leaders had requested the author to exercise patience in his demand for reforms, the author is adamant that his non-violent push for equal rights for African Americans could not wait for an ideal or opportune time to proceed – justice delayed too him was justice denied (Par. 14).Advertising Looking for essay on american literature? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Critical Response and Analys is These two concerns by the author are justified. The argument that the segregation laws were inherently unjust, contributed to high poverty rates amongst African Americans, and made African Americans to feel inferior to their white counterparts is plausible. Segregation laws were ratified by most constitutions in Southern States; therefore, such laws, however unjust, acquired a sense of legitimacy amongst the citizens of these states. Subsequently, most educational, religious, public and private institutions would, out of obedience to state constitutions, pursue policies that entrenched segregation. Due to this almost omniscient presence of segregation laws and policies, the average African American would, in his daily practice, encounter some form of discrimination. African American children would also easily encounter and perceive discriminative acts against them. Therefore, due to the high prevalence of such discriminative laws, African Americans easily and inevitably acquired a belief that they belonged to an inferior race. Secondly, the author is justified in being impatient with the pace of reform in the country. The author informs the Southern religious leaders, who had urged him to be patient in his demand for reforms, that had they been the ones to experience the effects of the unjust segregation laws, they would not urge for caution and patience. According to the author, â€Å"freedom is never voluntarily given by the oppressor; it must be demanded by the oppressed† (Luther, 1963, Par. 14). African Americans were right in being impatient with the slow and almost nonexistent pace of reforms in the country, and in the Southern States in particular. The emancipation proclamation by President Abraham Lincoln, which effectively ended slavery in the US, was signed in 1864. This proclamation was supposed to grant African Americans equal citizenship rights, and was intended to free them from all forms of discrimination previously directed at them. T he author writes his text/letter almost 100 years later and yet African Americans are still in some form of bondage wrought by segregation laws. Clearly, the African American benefited little from leaving the struggle for equality in the hands of his oppressor. African Americans were thus right in engaging in non-violent protest and other forms of civil action to push the concerned leaders to repeal these discriminative laws.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Critical Analysis of â€Å"Letter from Birmingham Jail† specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Textual Analysis The author uses many relevant analogies, quotes, observations and examples to state his purpose and give credence to his argument. The author states his most graphic example of the discriminative, vile and heinous acts experienced by African Americans in paragraph 15. The author describes the atrocities committed by white mobs and the police on African Americans. He chronicles the acts, beginning with African American mothers and fathers being lynched, African American youth being cursed, kicked and killed by the police, and proceeds to list other such crimes, ending the list with instances of African Americans being referred derogatively as â€Å"boy† regardless of age, and African American women not being properly addressed as â€Å"Mrs.† The crux of the author’s argument on why his followers could not afford to be patient in their demand for reform rests on the examples of heinous acts meted on African Americans stated here. The order of these crimes on African Americans as placed by the author almost obscures the deadly crimes such as lynching and extra-judicial deaths. By ending his numerous examples with comparatively minor acts of African Americans being referred to as â€Å"boy†, or the women not being given the title â€Å"Mrs.†, the author makes the serious crimes of lynching and extra -judicial killings appear less so. The progression should have started with these minor acts and ended with the unforgivable, wicked and heinous crimes of lynching, extra-judicial killings and beatings, to make them more prominent, as they would be if they were to appear at the end of the list. Such an arrangement would foreground these serious crimes, and subsequently stir indignation in any reader. It would also explain why waiting for reforms to take place at a slow pace advocated by the Southern religious leaders was not an option – lives were at stake. Conclusion The author has convincingly stated his purpose; that of highlighting the unjustness of the segregation law, and the need for a pro-active approach bring about the repeal of these laws. His example on crimes against committed against African Americans, served to highlight the less serious crimes at the expense of crimes such as lynching and murder. Reference Luther, M. (1963). Letter from Birmingham Jail. The Mar tin Luther King, Jr. Research and Education Institute. Web.Advertising Looking for essay on american literature? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More

The influence of quantitative easing monetary policy on Japan and the Research Paper

The influence of quantitative easing monetary policy on Japan and the United States - Research Paper Example Expansionary monetary policies aimed at stimulating the economy usually involve central banks buying short-term government bonds so that the market interest rates can be lowered. Nonetheless, when short-term interest rates go towards zero, this approach may no longer be effective. In this kind of situation, the monetary authorities may employ the use of quantitative easing to stimulate the economy through purchase of assets that mature in the long-term rather than short-term government bonds, therefore decreasing the interest rates away from the yield curve. Quantitative easing may be important in assisting to make sure that inflation does not go below the target, but it has risks including over-efficacy than originally intended against deflation, thereby resulting in higher inflation in the longer term from increased supply or sufficiently effective in the event that additional reserves are not lent out by banks. Based on the opinion of various economists as well as the IMF, quantitative easing used since the beginning of the financial crisis that was experienced between 2007 and 2008, has been critical in mitigating various adverse impacts of the crisis (Gindin and Panitch 326). Various economists and analysts argue that the US Federal Reserve employed some type of quantitative easing from 1930 all the way to 1940s in the fight against the Great Depression. Nevertheless, as the Federal Reserve employed quantitative easing initiatives to address the effects of 2007-08 financial crisis, various critics have considered its actions extraordinary. Further, charts have been created to point out that, as a fraction of GDP, the balance sheet after the financial crisis had not gone past the percentages that were attained between 1939 and 48 as of May 2013. The phrase â€Å"quantitative easing† was for the first time employed by the Bank of Japan when it was dealing with domestic

Using relevant theories and examples, explain how motivation can Essay - 2

Using relevant theories and examples, explain how motivation can affect employees commitment and performance at work - Essay Example Keeping valuable employees motivated in an organisation is not only intended to make them commit and perform but also to keep them over the long haul (Frasch 2010). There are many implements used by business organisations to motivate their employees. The most common notion about motivation is to shower them with fat paychecks but this proved to be inadequate in keeping employees motivated (Herzberg 1987). As what organisational theorists have reported, committing employees to perform towards a common goal involves an interplay of various factors that involves not only remuneration, but also the social and psychological dimensions of work that keep employees productive. Several business organisations even went as far as integrating play with work not only to keep their employees committed and productive, but also to induce creativity in the workplace which proved to be beneficial to a company’s diversification drive such as the case of Google (Lovewell 2005). These various motivation theories shall be discussed in this paper and we will also tackle how these theories affect performance in today’s competitive environment. The idea of the necessity to motivate employees to encourage commitment and performance among employees was first conceived by management classical theorists such as Taylor, Maslow, Mayo, McGregor, Vroom and Herzberg. While modern management and organisational theorists will argue that their concepts of motivating employees to commit and perform are inadequate, it cannot be denied that these classical theorists provided the basic building blocks of the know-how to motivate employees. From a simple idea of Taylor that adequate remuneration motivates employees, it later expanded to include the other dimension of human needs and aspects with the aim of fulfilling these needs that would enable employees to commit to the organisation better perform. Such, it would be necessary to cite and expound the ideas of these