Use of Cell Phones While Driving - 824 Words

If you are driving at 55mph for 5 seconds in that amount of time you could cross a football field. People don’t understand how dangerous distracted driving really is. All states should have some sort of legal parameters of what happens when you get caught using your cell phone while driving. People should get a stronger/ harsher punishment for the use of a cellular device while driving. People are way more impaired when you are distracted and driving than you are drinking and driving. The problem with this is that so many people do it and it is so unbearable hearing so many stories of how many people die every year because they make the mistake. So many people drive and use some kind of cellular device. In 2009 distracted driving caused†¦show more content†¦Drinking while driving laws are much, much harsher than distracted driving. The Arizona state laws sates â€Å" if you are under the age of 21 any trace of alcohol, illegal drugs or drugs that impair your ability to drive safely will result in stiff penalties and your license will be suspended for two years.† As you can see the laws have bigger consequences. In 2008 there was a girl named Amanda and she was in a very tragic accident and amazingly survived! Amanda was buried by a tractor-trailer and she is still alive and well. After having 20 surgeries, facial reconstruction and the loss of an eye she was very happy to be alive. Even though she looks different then what she used to look like, she realized that she was a very lucky girl to be alive. After what happened to her, she wanted to try to prevent other from making the same mistake that she did. In 2009 a lawyer Joel Feldman lost his 21year old daughter to a mistake of distracted driving. Ever since the accident he has been trying to educate others about the dangers of distracted driving. One day he happened to appear at the Massachusetts State House the day after a school bus had been in an accident with children and parents from PA. The bus had be driving and had hit an overpass that the bus was to low to go through. Apparently the bus driver was distracted by a GPS. On October 10 of 2010 a 5 year old boy named Xzavier was crossing the street when he got hit by someone who was on their cellphone. Xzavier wasShow MoreRelatedUse Of Cell Phones While Driving860 Words   |  4 PagesAmericans rely heavily on cell phones to perform daily activities. Cell phone are used for phone calls, email, sending text messages, surfing the internet, and performing other tasks. It is unfortunate that many of these daily activities occur while a person is driving. As a result, an increase of accidents and fatalities have occurred because of the use of cellular phones while driving. Using a cell phone while driving is an epidemic that has taken our nation by storm. Most drivers believe theyRead MoreCell Phone Use While Driving1503 Words   |  7 Pagesforth over the lines or driving at very inconsistent speeds. You wonder what could possibly be causing the driver to drive so erratically. Is the driver drunk? Is the driver preoccupied with eating his or her lunch? Is the driver busy attending children in the backseat? Once you pull along the side you realize that was not the case, instead you notice the driver has a cellular telephone up to her or his ear chatting away, or even worse you pass and see the driver holding a phone texting, you pass byRead MoreThe Use Of Cell Phones While Driving1817 Words   |  8 Pagesknowledge that the use of cell phones while driving decreases driver awareness and overall road safety, and in response to this knowledge, some states have passed laws that have prohibited the use of handheld devices. However, there are no laws bann ing hands free cell phone usage, despite research claiming hands free devices are just as dangerous handheld devices. But, does their usage distract drivers enough to the point where states should legally ban the total use cell phones while driving? The followingRead MoreCell Phone Use While Driving990 Words   |  4 Pages Cell phones are integral to people’s lives in Canada because they are vital communication and entertainment tools. However, the use of cell phones has remained contentious, because texting and talking on the phone are associated with distracted driving. Distracted driving is, â€Å"defined as the diversion of attention away from activities critical for safe driving toward a competing activity† (Klauer, Guo, Simons-Morton, Ouimet, Lee Dingus, 2013, p. 55). Although distracted driving is also associatedRead MoreCell Phone Use While Driving1114 Words   |  5 PagesToday, we use our cell phones for just about anything and everything to include; text ing, talking to our loved ones, and connecting with the rest of the world via social media. Cell phones have become a natural way of life to where we pick up our phones and use them like second nature. However, the dangers present themselves when we get behind the wheel of a car and carry these habits of cell phone addictions with us. If all states ban the use of cell phones while driving, then there would be a reducedRead MoreThe Use Of Cell Phones While Driving1843 Words   |  8 Pagesknown that the use of cell phones while driving decreases driver awareness and overall road safety, and in response to this knowledge, some states have passed laws that have prohibited the use of handheld devices. However, there are no laws banning hands free cell phone usage, despite research claiming hands free devices are just as dangerous handheld devices, but does their usage distract drivers enough to the point where states should legally ban the total use cell phones while driving? The follo wingRead MoreThe Use Of Cell Phones While Driving1509 Words   |  7 PagesSeveral states have enacted laws banning the use of cell phones while driving; an indication of the type of society America has become. These laws were put in place not only to keep drivers from taking phone calls, but also to deter them from posting their latest tweet or commenting on their friend’s latest picture. Social media is so ingrained in society today that many are unable to entertain a world that is devoid of such technology. With usage at an all-time high, the psychological effects ofRead MoreCell Phone Use While Driving Essay1816 Words   |  8 PagesThe study was attempting to determine the thoughts and behaviors that African American freshman college students in regards to cellphone use while driving. They wanted to know how the students thought cellphones (independent variable) impact driving skills (dependent variable). Research suggests that cellphone use correlates to higher likeli hood of accidents. The study used 331 (195 females and 136 males) freshman students who held a driver’s license. The students were then given a questionnaireRead More Cell Phones And Driving: Dangers Involved with Cell Phone Use While Driving1036 Words   |  5 Pagesoften. Talking on the cell phone and driving has become a very popular thing these days. Technology is coming out with the newest phones that can do everything for you and people are attracted to that. There are people that don’t have hands free and drive their car with only one hand, people that text and totally take their eye off the road and type conversations to each other. Bluetooth is another technological breakthrough where you wear an ear piece and can receive phone calls by one touch ofRead MoreStop the Use of Cell Phones While Driving854 Words   |  4 Pages13 2013 Many people driving don’t know that they can be so many wrongs they can be doing without realizing it. Plenty talk on the phone while driving, drink, text and drive. A lot of people even innocent people as well have had accidents involving one of those. Out of the three there has been one that has become more common, and it’s only increasing if people don’t put a stop to it themselves. A usage of a cell phone should not be displayed at any point while driving. It can wait many have had

Greed Is All Right, By The Way - 3154 Words

To an audience of students at the University California, Berkley, Ivan Boesky at once stated, â€Å"Greed is all right, by the way. I think greed is healthy. You can be greedy and still feel good about yourself (Homans, 2012, p.1; Kay, 2003, p.1).† Greed is what lead Boesky to Insider Trading and ultimately huge illegal profits and the scam he created was hidden in plain sight. Boesky wanted everyone to believe that he was doing the world a service, but he was actually stealing (Homans, 2012). Ivan Boesky was considered to be a leading man on Wall Street during what James Stewart called the â€Å"Greed Decade† of the 1980’s, and Boesky’s specialty was insider trading (Stewart, 1991, p. 15). Ivan Boesky and the insider trading cases of the 1980s are very significant white-collar crimes as companies and communities were directly impacted; they were torn apart due to the leverage buyout era Boesky orchestrated with the help of his corporate raiders. (Meserve , 2012) In addition, the cases of the 1980s would be the first time the SEC got tough on insider trading, and Ivan Boesky was the window into the securities frauds of the era (Stewart, 1991). Ivan Boesky was an arbitrageur that made over $200 million dollars by betting on corporate mergers and acquisitions. Debra Ross in the Encyclopedia of White-Collar Crime defined arbitrage as: â€Å"(1) a transaction that generates a risk-free profit; (2) a leveraged speculative transaction; and (3) the activity of engaging in either of the aboveShow MoreRelatedGreed Is All Right, By The Way3072 Words   |  13 Pages Ivan Boesky at an audience of students at the University of California, Berkeley once stated, â€Å"Greed is all right, by the way. I think greed is healthy. You can be greedy and still feel good about yourself (Homans, 2012, p.1)(Kay, 2003, p.1).† Greed was what lead Boesky to Insider Trading and ultimately huge illegal profits; the scam he created was hidden in plain si ght. Boesky wanted everyone to believe that he was doing the world a service but he was actually stealing (Homans, 2012, p.1). AccordingRead MoreGreed Is The Most Driving Force Of Our Modern Society880 Words   |  4 PagesGreed manages to be possibly the most driving force in our modern society. It fuels a multitude of things: hate, need for power, many peoples’ reasons for attending higher level schools, etc. Whether we notice it or not, greed is there. It is always there. It hides itself behind false courtesy and kindness. It is a dark horse. Greed affects us all both negatively and positively. We can rarely change this effect. If greed were a person, it would be the person you see not assisting anyone. ItRead MoreGreed – does it Destroy or Benefit the Society? love of ones neighbour , giving something back to800 Words   |  4 PagesGreed – does it Destroy or Benefit the Society? love of ones neighbour , giving something back to the community or Charity or are considered the virtuous motivations. According to me, these certainly are noble motivations, but greed is one of the most powerful motivations for human action. For me greed is the noblest form of human motivations. I dont mean fraud, tricks or theft. By greed I mean individuals being mostly anxious with getting the all they can for themselves and not essentiallyRead MoreImpact Of Age And Wealth On Respect And Greed1525 Words   |  7 PagesWhat is the impact of Age and Wealth on Respect and Greed? – Impact of Norm and Value Some may describe age as a number however, age is a term that is generally a representation of the amount of experiences a person has had throughout their lives and an older person is therefore termed as older because of the number of experiences they have had. Same is the case with wealth. People may have different definitions of wealth like a person who has achieved what he/she aimed to may be termed as wealthRead MoreBlood Diamond Film Analysis1495 Words   |  6 PagesStatement of intent: This report will focus on the theme greed for diamonds in the film ‘Blood Diamond’ demonstrating this by the use of film techniques. The film I chose to analyse was ‘Blood Diamond’ directed by Edward Zwick. In the film the theme greed is shown by the Revolutionary United Front (RUF) threats of killing Solomon and Danny unless Solomon shows them where he hid the huge pink diamond he found while mining as a slave. Danny’s greed for money and diamonds led him to work for Colonel CoetzeeRead MoreAnalysis Of The Movie Baby Driver1595 Words   |  7 Pagesof sinful behavior that never ends up paying off for any character. Although the majority of the movie takes place in this sinful environment, certain individuals still exhibit morality and ethical actions in some prominent scenes. In the same way that all humans are incapable of not sinning, this vague concept of sin plagues the lives of every character in the movie. As the movie proves though, just because someone sins does not necessarily mean he or she is a bad person. Although this movie takesRead MoreThe Great Old Vision Of The American Dream742 Words   |  3 Pagessociety always wants more. In today’s society the great old vision of The American Dream is dead. It has been abandoned by the American society because society no longer values contentment. In the 21st century technology has gained the world a great new way of socializing, but technology has just as many advantages as disadvantages. Civilians crave the desire for more and it has increased with social media, seeing others accomplishments can cause an effect of jealously in society. With this society tendsRead MoreThe Primary Doctrine Of Corporate Personhood1174 Words   |  5 Pagesinvolved the challenging of a California railroad tax, contingent on an insistence of the Fourteenth Amendment and the equal rights protection it includes. Corporate personhood applies to the ability of organizations to be distinguished, by law, as an individual which includes the particular protections, abilities and rights that all individuals are entitled to. The most useful rights these organizations benefit from are the capacity to sue or to be su ed in a court of law and to be able to enter intoRead More Greed - Vital to Human Welfare Essay1128 Words   |  5 PagesGreed - Vital to Human Welfare Whats the noblest of human motivations? Some might be tempted to answer: charity, love of ones neighbor or, in modern, politically correct language: giving something back to the community. In my book, these are indeed noble motivations, but they pale in comparison to a much more potent motivation for human action. For me the noblest of human motivations is greed. I dont mean theft, fraud, tricks, or misrepresentation. By greed I mean people being only or mostlyRead MoreIs Greed Good? Essay example925 Words   |  4 PagesStreet and the ultra-wealthy. â€Å"Greed, for lack of a better word, is good. Greed is right, greed works. Greed clarifies, cuts through, and captures the essence of the evolutionary spirit. Greed, in all of its forms; greed for life, for money, for love, knowledge has marked the upward surge of mankind.† This dramatic speech was given by Gordon Gekko (played by Micheal Douglas) a wealthy businessman, who through this speech is trying to convey the message that greed leads to overall personal, and economic

Gulf Refinery Fire Free Essays

In the early hours of August 17, 1975, a tragic disaster occurred on the Gulf Oil refinery in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. This horrific disaster took the lives of eight firefighters, and potentially could have taken more lives if it wasn’t for the help of many surrounding fire stations. The cause of the fire was the overfilling of Tank 231. We will write a custom essay sample on Gulf Refinery Fire or any similar topic only for you Order Now While no crude oil escaped from the tank as a result of being overfilled, large quantities of hydrocarbon vapors were trapped above the surface of the tank’s crude oil. As the quantity of crude oil increased, these hydrocarbon vapors were forced out of the tank’s vents and into the area of the No. Boiler House where the initial flash occurred. The overfilling of the tank resulted from a failure of the tanker’s personnel to properly monitor the quantity of crude oil being pumped to the tank. This whole disaster could have been avoided by just double checking the amount of crude oil in Tank 231. At 12:45 a. m. on the morning of Sunday, August 17, 1975, the tanker â€Å"M/T Afran Neptune,† tied up at a Gulf Refinery dock, began pumping reconstituted Venezuelan crude oil with additional 5 percent naphtha into Gulf Refinery Tank No. 31. Tank No. 231, built in 1929, of riveted seam construction, had a capacity of 75,000 barrels and had recently been renovated with an internal floating roof. Within the refinery, the tank was located at Avenue â€Å"Y† and 4th Street. Located just west of Tank No. 231 was Boiler House No. 4, the site of a four-alarm fire on April 22, 1967. A brick chimney arose from Boiler House No. 4 and this stack was a familiar sight to westbound motorists on the Penrose Avenue Bridge as th e word â€Å"GULF† was painted in large, white letters. Hydrocarbon vapors, emanating from Tank 231, accumulated in the area of the boiler house and were ignited by an unknown ignition source. A flame front followed the vapors back to Tank 231 causing fire at the tank’s vents and an explosion within the outer shell of the stack. These events began to unfold at 5:57 a. m. Shortly thereafter, a second explosion occurred within Tank 231. Burning petroleum spilled from the tank’s vents into a diked area surrounding the tank. Within the diked area a second tank, No. 114, just north of Tank 231, containing No. 6 grade fuel oil, also ignited as pipelines within the diked area began to fail. The initial explosion also damaged the pipe manifold outside of the dike wall and petroleum pouring out under pressure ignited. At 6:04 a. m. , upon receiving the report of fire from the Gulf Refinery, the Philadelphia Fire Department transmitted the refinery’s fire alarm box: Box 5988, Penrose and Lanier Avenues. Upon leaving their station, Engine 60 could see fire and smoke conditions at a distance, and before arriving at the refinery, Engine 60 ordered the second alarm at 6:09 a. m. First arriving companies had large clouds of heavy black smoke emanating from Tank No. 31, fire on top of Tank No. 114, and fire showing from the 150-foot stack at Boiler House No. 4. The third and fourth alarms were ordered in quick succession by Battalion Chief 1, Arthur Foley, at 6:11 a. m. and 6:14 a. m. Acting Assistant Fire Chief Dalmon Edmunds ordered the fifth alarm at 6:34 a. m. The sixth alarm was ordered by Fire Commissioner Joseph Rizzo at 6:52 a. m. Over the next several hours, fire fighters utilized deluge guns and master streams to cool down surrounding exposures, and applied foam directly to the burning tanks and piping in an effort to extinguish the fire. By 8:44 a. m. it appeared that the fire was well contained and the situation sufficiently stabilized to declare the fire under control. As the firefighting operation progressed, it became apparent that the refinery’s sewerage system was not up to the task of properly draining the foam, water and petroleum-naphtha product mixture that was accumulating on the ground along Avenue â€Å"Y,† between 4th Street and 5th Street to the east, running in front of the refinery’s administration building. These drainage problems were further exacerbated by a decision by refinery personnel to shutoff drainage pumps. Three members were attending to the apparatus and wading in the foam-water-petroleum mixture which was accumulating on the ground. Commissioner Rizzo and Gulf Refinery manager Jack Burk were on an overhead catwalk nearby observing the fire fighting operation. Without warning the accumulating liquid surrounding Engine 133 ignited, immediately trapping the three firefighters working at Engine 133. Instinctively and without hesitation other nearby firefighters dove into the burning liquid to rescue their comrades, not aware of the danger to themselves. Five more firefighters would be consumed by the advancing fire. The flames just engulfed them,† said Commissioner Joseph Rizzo, describing how he escaped the first of dozens of explosions but looked back to see three of his men sealed in flames. â€Å"They were trying to get under the foam, but to no avail,† he said. â€Å"They were human torches. † The fire quickly spread eastward along Avenue â€Å"Y† towards 5th Street. Viewing the unfolding horror before him, Commissioner Rizzo ordered two more alarms, five additional rescue squads, and the recall of all companies which had previously been released from the fire grounds throughout the day. On these orders the fire alarm room transmitted the seventh and eighth alarms. As the fire had been placed under control nearly eight hours earlier, firefighters in stations across the city knew that the unthinkable had occurred as these additional alarms were struck. At 4:46 p. m. Commissioner Rizzo ordered the ninth alarm and notification of Philadelphia Managing Director Hillel Levinson as a major disaster was now unfolding at the Gulf Refinery. As the fire swept rapidly eastward along 5th Street, Philadelphia’s foam pumpers, Engines 160 and 133, and the Gulf Refinery foam pumper, were rapidly destroyed in the fire’s advance. At 5th Street, where Engines 16 and 40 had been assigned to improve drainage, their pieces were also destroyed in the fire’s path, although their pump operators were able to escape. Upon reaching 5th Street, the fire traveled two city blocks north along 5th Street, now threatening four additional storage tanks and the 125-foot Penrose Avenue Bridge. At 5:37 p. m. , Commissioner Rizzo ordered the tenth alarm as the fire was now traveling southward and engulfing the refinery’s administration building, which was located on the south side of Avenue â€Å"Y† between 4th and 5th Streets. The tenth alarm companies were ordered to report to Gate 24 at Penrose and Lanier Avenues, to set up deluge guns and leave the area. As the situation continued to deteriorate at the Gulf Refinery, Commissioner Rizzo ordered the 11th alarm. By seven o’clock, the involved tanks and pipelines were gushing flames and nearby streets in the complex were burning streams of oil and other petroleum products. The courageous men of the Philadelphia Fire Department kept with the fire, retaking 5th Street, 4th Street, and finally Avenue â€Å"Y. † At 1:00 a. m. Commissioner Rizzo left the fire grounds to visit the injured firefighters in the hospital. Rizzo then gave command to Deputy Fire Commissioner Harry T. Kite who placed the fire under control at 5:38 a. m. on Monday, August 18, 1975. The tragedy that occurred on the hot august day in 1975 could have been avoided all together if the refinery personnel in charge of Tank 231 simply monitored the amount of crude oil being pumped into the tank. Mistakes do happen, but unfortunately this mistake took the lives of eight firefighters. As of now we can only take th is disaster into consideration and make sure this doesn’t ever happen again in the future. In remembrance of the firefighters who perished in the blaze: John Andrews, 49, Engine 49. How to cite Gulf Refinery Fire, Papers

Basic Principles and Theory of Cloud Security Exploits - Free Solution

Question: Describe about the Basic Principles and Theory of Cloud Security Exploits? Answer: Cloud computing majority comprises of delivering computing resources like applications, storage, infrastructure as services provided by service providers to the end users. All kind of services are accessed by web browsers which is like on demand. The cloud service providers offers service based on requirement and ensure good quality. Basically cloud computing is three types Infrastructure as service (IaaS): Here servers, networking devices, memory and storage are provided as service to the end users. Computational resources like more number of cores and fast instructions per cycle are made available for users as on-demand services. IaaS uses the virtualization technology to provide virtual machines to the end users on demand this allows clients to build complex network infrastructures. This will easy the deployment and administration of networking devices becomes easy. This makes the business more easy. Platform-as-a-Service (PaaS): It provides the development platform for the user to design of their own applications depends on their need. This kind of service model provides implemented libraries, tools and frameworks to develop the applications for the end users. This gives the end users to control the application deployment and configuration settings. Because of this developers are not required to buty any software just get the platform required from the service provider and design and build application. GoogleApps is an example of PaaS; it is a suite of Google tools that includes Gmail, Google Groups, Google Calendar, Google Docs, Google Talk, and Google Sites. Software-as-a-Service (SaaS): This provides the application for need of the requirements. Rent the application instead of buying it. Suppose excel is required to prepare some statics then just barrow the application from service providers and use it for required amount of time instead of buying the software. These three services provides the different services to the end user and at the same time provides the information on security issues and risks of cloud. DOS attack: Denial of service attack is to make user not able to access the host or network by disrupt their state so that its service not reached to user. These kind of issues comes depends on the kind of service. Flooding is the common type of attack any heckers use for DOS attack, here flood the victim system or service host with bogus requests which are as legitimate requests so that service is stopped because of heavy load. In cloud services these kind of flood attacks are differentiated as two types direct DOS and indirect DOS. Large volume of requests flooded into service provided by cloud server in this cloud provider is responsible for providing the load balancing to service so busy in providing that to the one user whose provided service is over loaded while other users won't get good service from service provider as it is busy, this is called direct DOS. If the victim server is doing load balancing and part of it offloaded to other servers as part of load balancing strategy which make other servers also vulnerable to DOS attack, this is called indirect DOS. Malicious insider: Companies and organizations can't trust the people inside when it storing the users data, so it is very important to store user data even insiders can't access without proper protocol. In cloud while moving all users data which is maintained by organization into some private cloud which is maintained by some third party, is it safe to trust the third parties over the data. Rouge kind of administrators has privilege to steal the unprotected data and can do brute force over the passwords and get the customers data on demand. The insiders who knows the cloud operational capabilities can identify the cloud vulnerabilities and attack on it to get the sensitive information. Cyber Theft Online: Storage service provided by the cloud computing makes the business organization very cost effective and no need of administration overhead over the sensitive data. This will reduce cost in buying new servers and maintaining them. So many companies are storing data using cloud. One major cloud service provider do maintain all the sensitive data of business organizations. Consider example of Netflix use the amazon web service for storing data of TV episodes and movies, Dropbox storage service to many user for their personal information. These kind of Cloud services are as daily part of every ones life. So all the sensitive information stored at single place so single target for attackers which gives huge information at little cost compare traditional way. These days many people using the social networking sites for interaction with the friends and shares profiles and personal information also. According to survey 35 percent people are using social sites have accounts in all sites which makes the attackers to grab the attention to get the information. Recently linkedln the worlds largest professional networking website has 175 million users has breached and approximately 6.4 million stolen hashed passwords dumped into russian website and more than 200 thousand passwords are cracked. Stolen username and password from one website can be used to access the other websites as it is very successful for many users. Recently dropbox found some logins are malicious who used the login details obtained from other social website. Wrapping Attack: Web browser used to send service request by client and the service communication uses the Simple Object Access Protocol messages and transmit them using HTTP with format of Extensible Markup Language. One security mechanism WS-Security is used for the confidentiality and data integrity of SOAP messages transmitted between the clients and servers. Data integrity maintained by using digital on the message and for Confidentiality message encryption is used to protection on eves dropping. This makes the client authenticated and the server can validate that the message is not tampered with during transmission. Web servers validating the signed requests at that time attackers by using the XML signature wrapping and exploit the weakness, attack launched when SOAP message exchanged between the legitimate user and the web server. Attacked duplicates the users login session and added the bogus elements into message which will wrapped, it makes the original body message under the wrapped and malicious code is replaced on top of the contents of the message, this modified message sends to server and the server validation fine because the original body not changed so the server is tricked and authorize the message that has been altered. Because of this hacker gain the unauthorized access to the protected resources and process intended operations. All cloud computing services via web browser so wrapping attacks can be launched easily on to the cloud service provider servers, which makes the users as victims. In 2008 discovered cloud service provider who is vulnerable to the wrapping attack. This is because later identified as bug in validation process done by amazon cloud. It is vulnerability in SOAP message security validation algorithm. Interception and modification can be done to legitimate user SOAP request, as a result hackers could take unprivileged actions on victims accounts in clouds. The same XML signature wrapping technique can be used to heck the account in amazon AWS just by altering the authorized signed SOAP messages and hacker get the permission to access, delete, create user account. Counter measures: Malware injection security methods The major security concern in cloud computing is malware injection attack. These kind of attacks can be nullified using File Allocation Table kind of system architecture. In the FAT table instance of all customers will be there so in advance can be recognized them using FAT table. Now the old instance and new instance are there to compare to determine the validity and integrity of the instances so that malware injection can prevented like this. In other way of nullifying the malware injection is storing the hash value of the original service instance image file and by performing the integrity check between the original and new service instances images to identify the malwar injection instance. In this malware injection can be identified. Data Protection Insiders may do stealing of data intentionally or accidentally but lose of data can happen in any case. So policies have take care of the data stealing by the insiders. It is very difficult identify the behavior of insider who steals data. Need deploy better security measures for the insider threats. Tools like data lose prevention and malicious behavior patterns identifications encrypting of sensitive information while storing it self, decoy technology for authentication and authorization. Policy Amendment Cloud service registration can be done by who has credit card and utilize the service which is giving advantage to hackers to get the fraud credit cards and get the access of service and getting computing power of cloud based solutions and exploit the user data. They are doing all malicious activities such as spamming and attacking the other computing systems. By Doing blocking of users who are publicly announced by some investigations teams and monitor the credit card fraud and changes the policies such way that cloud computing power can't be utilized by the attackers via weak registration policy. Mange and administration of networks in proper way so that least vulnerable to attackers. For example, Amazon re defined user policy like isolate any offending instance which is raised like spam or malware coming through Amazon EC2. Control access Private and sensitive data of end users is stored in cloud users can get the access to their data under the given access control mechanisms. For the physical computing systems continuous monitoring on the request coming and response served to it and analyzing the traffic makes the security techniques more efficient. Many security tools like firewalls and intrusion detection are used to restrict the illegal access and grant the legal access to the data. Majority all traffic is monitored to catch hold of illegal access of data. Future Work: Cloud computing is major important developments for giving service to different level where every service can offered via browser in just one click away. As the more benefits, more security vulnerabilities are there and bringing more challenges for all service providers and more vulnerabilities still exist in cloud so hackers are exploiting those security holes. For providing best quality to the end user required to nullify these security flaws at the best possible level. Recently more news regarding the NSA eye on the information which is been leaking from third parties and going into the hands of NSA which is something like you are not the one who is looking into your data. Scott Hazdra said in the news that U.S and many companies keeping eye on the data stored in the internet and clouds and transmitting as it is to the required sources which is not good for the users who uses the cloud. It is big security risk and may be threat to the users who store the information on the internet. This kind of one risk can't be avoided in the wolrd of internet and increases more with cloud features. At any point privacy is always big concern with the cloud which is like companies or third parties and insiders who can breach into cloud to steal the information and big threat is intrusion of the government also. Confidentiality is big threat to the companies who store information as because competitors try to steal the information, so all companies store the information in encrypted form irrespective of competitor. This is costly for hackers when compare to advantage they get from information so less attacks but now in cloud everything stores there one shot many pots. One compromises all compromised which is big plus for the hackers to try and steal data with little extra cost. This is one of the big problems in the current cloud industry. Cloud makes life of users completely into internet which makes their more explored and into internet. Every user try store irrespective of type of data as it is more friendly so at any stage Any information can be observed over internet about any person. This gives advantage to the hackers to crack the accounts of very far distance people so that unable to trace if any personal information is compromised. Security of data and privacy protection of data is major issues and they are basic important issues which are separation of sensitive control of access. It is very important for cloud solution providers to provide kind of security which is like levels of organization while providing protection to the users. Some frameworks and utilities are required to build while accessing the cloud and data so that privacy to users can be provided. Mobility of companies is very common in industry so customer service to users while activating and deactivating the account should be done veryquick and good service is needed. Previous employees should not able to get the insides of the organizations cloud as is it quite natural that inside people get clarity on the vulnerabilities on the cloud and where to exploit and when to exploit these details gives advantages for the employees who leaves the organization and try to attack on the cloud for their personal needs. So it is very essential that cloud o rganization takes required steps while removing any employee. Cloud organization suppose to be very transparent about their agreements with the government so that people aware what to keep what not. It is very offensive that organizations provide data to government without any information to the user. This kind of leaks gives advantage to government officials so that they try get the required users private information to full fill theirpersonal needs. This is completely illegal. References: 1) CSA cloud security alliancelink: https://cloudsecurityalliance.org/2) Adam Greenberg, Mar 06, 2015, top concern regarding cloud adoptionlink: https://www.scmagazine.com/study-financial-firms-cite-data-security-as-top-concern-regarding-cloud-adoption/article/402201/3) Charles Badcock, Mar 03, 2014, Cloud Threatslink: https://www.informationweek.com/cloud/infrastructure-as-a-service/9-worst-cloud-security-threats/d/d-id/1114085 4) Security ascepts of cloudlink: https://cloudsecurity.org/5) Cloud Security Fundamentalslink: https://www.sans.org/course/cloud-security-fundamentals6) IBM cloudlink: https://www.ibm.com/cloud-computing/in/en/security.html7) Ted Samson, Feb 25th 2013, cloud securitylink:https://www.infoworld.com/article/2613560/cloud-security/cloud-security-9-top-threats-to-cloud-computing-security.html?null8) Victoria Ivey, Dec 16th 2014, cloud-securitylink:https://www.cio.com/article/2380182/cloud-security/5-tips-to-keep-your-data-secure-on-the-cloud.html9) https://www.sa fenet-inc.com/data-protection/virtualization-cloud-security/10) https://www.porticor.com/11) https://www.symantec.com/cloud-computing-software/12) https://www.mcafee.com/in/solutions/cloud-security/cloud-security.aspx13) https://www.vormetric.com/data-security-solutions/cloud-data-security14) https://www.cloudcredential.org/certifications/pcs/15) https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/cloud-service-security-principles/cloud-service-security-principles16) https://www.csoonline.com/category/cloud-security/17) https://www.alertlogic.com/resources/cloud-security-report/18) https://www.zdnet.com/article/cloud-security-reports-slam-data-protection-national-internets-access-myths/ 19) https://www.bitdefender.com/business/small-office-security.html20) https://www.intel.com/content/www/us/en/enterprise-security/processors-with-built-in-cloud-security.html21) https://www.cloudschool.com/certifications/security22) https://www.imfacademy.com/areasofexpertise/information_technology/cloud_sec urity.php23) https://www.cisco.com/c/en/us/products/security/cloud-web-security/index.html24) https://www.websense.com/content/cloud-web-security-features.aspx

Lord Of The Flies Essays (2081 words) - Fiction,

Lord of The Flies Lord of The Flies At the start of the novel, there has been an atomic explosion, and the children have been evacuated in an aircraft with a detachable passenger tube. The aircraft has been attacked and released the tube while flying over tropical seas. The tube has crash landed in the jungle of a tropical island, and the plane has flown off in flames. This is the point when the novel starts. There are four main characters in the book ? Ralph, Piggy, Jack and Simon. Simon is part of the choir, which is led by Jack, but Ralph and Piggy are not members of the choir, and are in no way related. There are no adults ? "There aren't any grown ups" (P.43) Ralph has found a "conch" (P.21), and has used it to call all the boys on the island together. This is where Jack is introduced into "Lord of the Flies" "Something dark was fumbling along" (P.26). This refers to the choir walking along the beach in the distance. This use of language shows us that the choir is dark, evil, and sinister, and immediately Golding tells us that this group will not be a "good" force on the island. The choir are a militaristic group ? "marching approximately...with a hambone frill" (P.26). This shows us that their leader is in total control of the group. This leader is Jack ? "The boy who controlled them...his cap badge was golden" (P.26) This shows the authority and status that Jack has over the choir. When the choir reach the platform, Jack shows off ? "swaying in the fierce light...his cloak flying" (P.27). This is an attempt to impress the group, create a good impression, enough so he commands their respect as well as the choirs', enough so that he can eventually control them as well as the choir. Jack does not introduce himself to everyone; he first words to the group are "Where's the man with the trumpet?" (P.27). He just gives out demands, and expects the group to answer him. This is what he is used to. Jack is a direct contrast with Ralph ? "peered down at Ralph...(the conch) did not seem to satisfy him" (P.27) This shows us that he believes no-one is as good a leader as him, and that the conch, which called the group together, is below him. This is "simple arrogance" (P.29) on the part of Jack. He uses his cloak as a prop ? "Inside the floating cloak he was tall, thin, and bony" (P.27). He uses the cloak (a sign of power) to make him into something he's not, he uses it to gain authority. "His hair was red beneath the black cap" (P.27). The colour of his hair shows signs of a fiery temper, and the colour of his cap reinforces his sinister side. Jacks main aim of the assemblies in the novel are to first become chief, and then control the group. He says on page twenty-nine with "simple arrogance", "I ought to be chief." Jack believes that no-one else has the right to control him, and he should be in control of everyone. During the assemblies, he rejects Piggy ? "Shut up, Fatty" (P.28). He has no respect for Piggy (due to his appearance), even though Piggy could be a very useful asset to the group. He takes control of the assembly ? "We've got to..." (P.29). Jack does this because he wants to decide and be in control of what the group does. When the boys on the island say they want to vote on a chief, Jack "started to protest" (P.30). This is because Jack knows that he is not in control of the boys on the island who are not in the choir, which is the majority, and therefore they will not vote for him. He also believes that he should be proclaimed the leader of the group without voting, because in his opinion, no-one has the right to be in control of him. This is because he is a natural leader, and has never been in a position without control. This is born out when Ralph is voted chief ? "and the freckles...a blush of mortification" (P.30). Jack is very embarrassed when he is, for the first time in his life, not in total control. Jack's personality makes him use violence to command respect ? "Jack snatched from behind him a sizeable sheath-knife and clouted it into a trunk" (P.32), "Jack slammed his knife into a trunk and looked round challengingly"

Ceptic sores Essays

Ceptic sores Essays Ceptic sores Essay Ceptic sores Essay But like the mothers some would oppose it. There concerns would have be the same as the mothers. Also they may feel that they should be there for their mothers as they would be alone, and that the mothers would also need some protection. I will now look how the British Government reacted to the evacuations. It was the Government who issued the evacuations and therefore would obviously support it. The Government was acting on the opposing danger, which would gain support with the public, if they were acting on the safety of the children, because of this the Government would like the evacuation as they may gain more votes for upcoming elections. The Government would also welcome the evacuations because these children were the future, no one knew how long the war would go on for and these children could eventually be fighting the Germans. Also you didnt want a shortage of children, as it would affect the futures economy as they would be the workers in years to come. They may also welcome it because children may help on farms, and therefore more is produced from the farms, and so boasting Britains economy. Though, there may have been some in the British Government that didnt like the evacuations. Children spend a lot of money on sweets, toys and games etc. So if they are not in the cities the income of cities would go down. Some may also worry that the education they were receiving would not be up to scratch, and that the evacuees would be below the expected intelligence. The next group I will look at will be the civil defence (this is police, the home front doctors etc. ). In general they would feel that evacuations were needed. If for example a building was bombed the civil defences would be working to keep people safe and get hurt people to hospital etc. But you would have children running around screaming and crying and basically getting in the civil defences way. They would not like this as they could not work properly, but now that children had been evacuated they could work more efficiently. Also it meant that they didnt have to worry about children for example being stuck in a bombed building, so more attention could be paid to adults. But the civil defences in the countryside, would likely hate the evacuations. Children would get in their way, and they would find them annoying and tiresome. It just has the opposite effect to the civil defences in the cities. Finally I will look at the reactions of the hosts themselves. This group would probably give the most varied reactions to the evacuations. If you were a farmer it meant you now had extra pairs of hands for help, and would therefore like having evacuees. There would have been some people who didnt have or couldnt have children, and this meant that for a temporary basis they were parents. Some would feel that being so far away from cities made it impossible to help the war effort, but this was the opportunity to do so, and so the would welcome it. But many would not like the evacuations. Many of the hosts were elderly and they may have found the children very hyper-active and too much. They would not enjoy the company of the evacuees. Many of the children may have been seen as very common. The hosts may not like this as the children may be very disrespectful and rude. They would obviously not want people like this under their roofs. In the booklet page6, source 15, it says how the children had to be fumigated (gassed), this suggests how dirty and unhygienic they were. People did not want to live with children this dirty. It also says many children suffered from scabies and sceptic sores. Again suggesting how dirty and unhygienic they were. I think it just depended on what the children were like, if they were pleasant and clean you were likely to enjoy the experience. If they were crude and dirty youd probably hate it. In conclusion to this the evacuation of children was supported by many. Most people accepted it was the correct action to take. They felt it was necessary that the children were safe as they would be a major role to Britain in the future.

Church Reform and Religious Enthusiasm in late 11th-early 12th century Essay

Church Reform and Religious Enthusiasm in late 11th-early 12th century - Essay Example instituted was to ensure that the Church became the sole focus of all individuals in Western Europe, so that it could not only enforce its authority over the whole of Christendom, but it could also be the main arbiter between the diverse secular rulers who ruled the principalities and kingdoms of Europe. One of the most controversial issues to come about because of these reforms was lay investiture, which developed because of the determination of the Church to ensure that there was a complete removal of secular influence on clerical appointments. It was believed that lay investiture had a corrupting influence on the Church and that it was the reason why the Church had moved away from its original spiritual nature to one which was almost completely immersed in secular interests. Thus, while in the short-term the ban in lay investiture promoted the Church’s power, in the long-term, it led to the erosion of this power as powerful monarchs came to disregard the authority of the po pe. The lay investiture controversy that came about as a result of the Gregorian reforms has come to be considered as a major turning point not only in the history of the Church, but also that of Europe as well. This is because it led to a situation where the Church chose to take up the authority, which had essentially been usurped by monarchs for centuries. Lay investiture involved the practice of secular rulers conferring clerical titles to individuals without necessarily having to seek the approval of the papacy.2 It is essential to note that during the medieval period, monarchs often had almost absolute authority over the church in their domains and they used this authority to ensure that the Church did their bidding, especially through the appointment of either their relatives or strong supporters into powerful positions within it.3 Thus, archbishops, bishops, and even abbots and abbesses were often the relatives of the lay rulers to whom they owed their first loyalty before their

Health, safety and enviroment managment Personal Statement

Health, safety and enviroment managment - Personal Statement Example I chose to study ‘Health, Safety, and Environment Management’ because my former education and professional career are skewed toward this area of specialization. Technically and professionally, I have a solid background, but there is dire need of a weighty academic advancement not only to deepen my own knowledge and understanding of health and safety management, but also to have my experience validated. I wish to continue studying at Leeds Beckett because it is one of the top-ranked universities in the UK and is popular for its quality of education in the Bachelor Degree program I am interested in. The course contents including drilling, decommission, construction, and policy formation regarding corporate health and safety are all integral parts of my daily work as a senior safety technician. Getting this degree will enable me to be more productive with thorough knowledge of the processes and the ensuing informed decision

Art Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 8

Art - Essay Example In this definition, art was now seen as a means of livelihood but still possesses skill which is in line with the 12th century definition. There was a change in attitude during the age of enlightenment in the 18th century, and art was defined as â€Å"a pursuit or occupation in which skill is directed toward the ratification of taste or production of what is beautiful†. This means that the artist should aim to produce his or her piece into something that is beautiful. In this century we can now hear that art is now associated with beauty, taste and elegance. In the 18th century, artists such as Fragonard, Gainsborough, Tiepolo and writers elevated their social status in the community because of the development of these new standards. Matthew Arnold a British poet stated in the 19th century that â€Å"we mean by art not merely an aim to please, but also pure and faultless workmanship†. What Arnold means by this is that artists should exhibit skill in their work of art wh ich he referred to as â€Å"pure and faultless workmanship† as stated above, but will also aim to create something that is of aesthetic beauty. Arnold was being defensive on this well established idea that artist should exhibit skill because he reaffirms the idea of the Avante Grade that the artist should be the center of what art is. In this century artists were viewed as prophets of the new cultural ideas which are taking more extensive liberties to the idea of technique, subject matter and interpretation. Avant Garde is a group of people who are active in invention and applying new techniques in a given field such as arts. The Avant Garde artists that is possessing creative talents are separated from the ordinary mortals and were viewed as a special and sublime class of people. Due to Avant Garde’s role in art, artist introduced a myth that before great artists gets fully appreciated they have to die. This is because these artists are so great that their

The Transaction Oriented Middleware

The Transaction Oriented Middleware Middleware is a class of software technologies designed to help manage the complexity and heterogeneity inherent in distributed systems. It is defined as a layer of software above the operating system but below the application program that provides a common programming abstraction across a distributed system. In doing so, it provides a higher-level building block for programmers than Application Programming Interfaces (APIs) such as sockets that are provided by the operating system. This significantly reduces the burden on application programmers by relieving them of this kind of tedious and error-prone programming. Middleware frameworks are designed to mask some of the kinds of heterogeneity that programmers of distributed systems must deal with. They always mask heterogeneity of networks and hardware. Most middleware frameworks also mask heterogeneity of operating systems or programming languages, or both. A few such as CORBA also mask heterogeneity among vendor implementations of the same middleware standard. Finally, programming abstractions offered by middleware can provide transparency with respect to distribution in one or more of the following dimensions: location, concurrency, replication, failures, and mobility. The classical definition of an operating system is the software that makes the hardware useable. Similarly, middleware can be considered to be the software that makes a distributed system programmable. Just as a bare computer without an operating system could be programmed with great difficulty, programming a distributed system is in general much more difficult without middleware, especially when heterogeneous operation is required. Likewise, it is possible to program an application with an assembler language or even machine code, but most programmers find it far more productive to use high-level languages for this purpose, and the resulting code is of course also portable. Usage of Middleware There are various different kinds of middleware that have been developed. These vary in terms of the programming abstractions they provide and the kinds of heterogeneity they provide beyond network and hardware. Generally, middleware services provide a more functional set of application programming interfaces to allow an application to:- Locate transparently across the network, thus providing interaction with another service or application Filter data to make them friendly usable or public via anonymization process for privacy protection (for example) Be independent from network services Be reliable and always available Add complementary attributes like semantics Transaction Oriented Middleware (TOM) (or Distributed Tuples) A distributed relational database offers the abstraction of distributed tuples (i.e. particular instances of an entity), and is the most widely deployed kind of middleware today. It uses Structured Query Language (SQL) which allows programmers to manipulate sets of these tuples in an English-like language yet with intuitive semantics and rigorous mathematical foundations based on set theory and predicate calculus. Distributed relational databases also offer the abstraction of a transaction (which can also be performed using Transactional SQL or TSQL). Distributed relational database products typically offer heterogeneity across programming languages, but most do not offer much, if any, heterogeneity across vendor implementations. Transaction Processing Monitors (TPMs) are commonly used for end-to-end resource management of client queries, especially server-side process management and managing multi-database transactions. As an example consider the JINI framework (built on top of Java Spaces) which is tailored for intelligent networked devices, especially in homes. Advantages Users can access virtually any database for which they have proper access rights from anywhere in the world (as opposed to their deployment in closed environments where users access the system only via a restricted network or intranet) They address the problem of varying levels of interoperability among different database structures. They facilitate transparent access to legacy database management systems (DBMSs) or applications via a web server without regard to database-specific characteristics. Disadvantages This is the oldest form of middleware hence it lacks many features of much recent forms of middleware. Does not perform failure transparency Tight coupling between client and server Remote Procedure Calls A Remote Procedure Call (RPC) is an inter-process communication that allows a computer program to cause a subroutine or procedure to execute in another address space (commonly on another computer on a shared network) without the programmer explicitly coding the details for this remote interaction. That is, the programmer writes essentially the same code whether the subroutine is local to the executing program, or remote. When the software in question uses object-oriented principles, RPC is called remote invocation or remote method invocation. Remote Procedure Call Middleware (RPCM) extends the procedure call interface familiar to virtually all programmers to offer the abstraction of being able to invoke a procedure whose body is across a network. RPC systems are usually synchronous, and thus offer no potential for parallelism without using multiple threads, and they typically have limited exception handling facilities. Advantages Language-level pattern of function call which is easy to understand for programmers. Synchronous request/reply interaction à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Natural from a programming language point-of-view à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Matches replies to requests à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Built in synchronization of requests and replies Distribution transparency (in the no-failure case) à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Hides the complexity of a distributed system Various reliability guarantees à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Deals with some distributed systems aspects of failure Failure Transparency is performed à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ May be due to network and/or server congestion or client, network and/or server failure à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ In such situations an error maybe returned to programmer, either at once or after the RPC library has retried the operation several times. Disadvantages Synchronous request/reply interaction à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Tight coupling between client and server à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Client may block for a long time if server loaded hence needs a multi-threaded client à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Slow/failed clients may delay servers when replying multi-threading essential at servers Distribution Transparency à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Not possible to mask all problems RPC paradigm is not object-oriented à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Invoke functions on servers as opposed to methods on objects Message Oriented Middleware Message-Oriented Middleware (MOM) provides the abstraction of a message queue that can be accessed across a network. It is a generalization of the well-known operating system construct: the mailbox. It is very flexible in how it can be configured with the topology of programs that deposit and withdraw messages from a given queue. Many MOM products offer queues with persistence, replication, or real-time performance. Advantages Asynchronous interaction Client and server are only loosely coupled Messages are queued Good for application integration Support for reliable delivery service Keep queues in persistent storage Processing of messages by intermediate message server(s) May do filtering, transforming, logging, etc. Networks of message servers Natural for database integration Disadvantages 1) Poor programming abstraction (but has evolved) à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Rather low-level (cf. Packets) à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Request/reply more difficult to achieve, but can be done 2) Message formats originally unknown to middleware à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ No type checking (but JMS addresses this in its implementation) 3) Queue abstraction only gives one-to-one communication à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Limits scalability (JMS publisher/subscriber implementation) Java Messaging Service The Java Message Service (JMS) API is a Java Message Oriented Middleware (MOM) API for sending messages between two or more clients. JMS is a part of the Java Platform, Enterprise Edition, and is defined by a specification developed under the Java Community Process as JSR 914. It is a messaging standard that allows application components based on the Java 2 Platform, Enterprise Edition (J2EE) to create, send, receive, and read messages. It allows the communication between different components of a distributed application to be loosely coupled, reliable, and asynchronous. Web Services A web service is a method of communication between two electronic devices. The W3C definition of a web service is as a software system designed to support interoperable machine-to-machine interaction over a network. It has an interface described in a machine-processable format (specifically Web Services Description Language WSDL). Other systems interact with the web service in a manner prescribed by its description using SOAP messages, typically conveyed using HTTP with an XML serialization in conjunction with other Web-related standards. There are two major classes of Web services, REST-compliant Web services and arbitrary Web services. In REST-compliant web services the primary purpose is to manipulate XML representations of Web resources using a uniform set of stateless operations. Whereas in arbitrary web services, the service may expose an arbitrary set of operations. Big web services use Extensible Markup Language (XML) messages that follow the SOAP standard and have been popular with traditional enterprise. In such systems, there is often a machine-readable description of the operations offered by the service written in the Web Services Description Language (WSDL). The latter is not a requirement of a SOAP endpoint, but it is a prerequisite for automated client-side code generation in many Java and .NET SOAP frameworks. IBM MQ Series IBM WebSphere MQ (formerly known as IBM MQSeries) is a message-oriented middleware platform that is part of IBMs WebSphere suite for business integration. Messages are stored in message queues that are handled by queue managers. A queue manager is responsible for the delivery of messages through server-to-server channels to other queue managers. A message has a header and an application body that is opaque to the middleware. No type-checking of messages is done by the middleware. Several programming language bindings of the API to send and receive messages to and from queues exist, among them a JMS interface. WebSphere MQ comes with advanced messaging features, such as transactional support, clustered queue managers for load-balancing and availability, and built-in security mechanisms. Having many features of a request/reply middleware, WebSphere MQ is a powerful middleware, whose strength lies in the simple integration of legacy applications through loosely-coupled queues. Nevertheless, it cannot satisfy the more complex many-to-many communication needs of modern large-scale applications, as it lacks natural support for multi-hop routing and expressive subscriptions. Object Oriented Middleware (OOM) or Distributed Object Middleware (DOM) Object Oriented Middleware provides the abstraction of an object that is remote yet whose methods can be invoked just like those of an object in the same address space as the caller. Distributed objects make all the software engineering benefits of object-oriented techniques encapsulation, inheritance, and polymorphism available to the distributed application developer. Every object-oriented middleware has an interface definition language (IDL) and supports object types as parameters, exception handling and inheritance. It also presents the concept of client and server stubs which act as proxies for servers and clients. The stubs and skeletons are created using the IDL compiler that is provided by the middleware. In addition, the OOM presentation layers need to map object references to the transport format. This is done via marshalling and unmarshalling of serialized objects. Advantages Support for object-oriented programming model Objects, methods, interfaces, encapsulation, etc. Exception handling is supported Synchronous request/reply interaction same as RPC Location Transparency system (ORB) maps object references to locations Services comprising multiple servers are easier to build with OOM RPC programming is in terms of server-interface (operation) RPC system looks up server address in a location service Disdvantages Synchronous request/reply interaction only and therefore ad to implement Asynchronous Method Invocation (AMI) in the technologies. However this led to tight coupling. Distributed garbage collection is available which will automatically release the memory held by unused remote objects OOM is rather static and heavy-weight. This is bad for ubiquitous systems and embedded devices Common Object Request Broker Architecture (CORBA) CORBA is a standard for distributed object computing. It is part of the Object Management Architecture (OMA), developed by the Object Management Group (OMG), and is the broadest distributed object middleware available in terms of scope. It encompasses not only CORBAs distributed object abstraction but also other elements of the OMA which address general purpose and vertical market components helpful for distributed application developers. CORBA offers heterogeneity across programming language and vendor implementations. Distributed Component Object Model (DCOM) DCOM is a distributed object technology from Microsoft that evolved from its Object Linking and Embedding (OLE) and Component Object Model (COM). DCOMs distributed object abstraction is augmented by other Microsoft technologies, including Microsoft Transaction Server and Active Directory. DCOM provides heterogeneity across language but not across operating system or tool vendor. COM+ is the next-generation DCOM that greatly simplifies the programming of DCOM. Remote Method Invocation (RMI) Remote Method Invocation (RMI) is a facility provided by Java which is similar to the distributed object abstraction of CORBA and DCOM. RMI provides heterogeneity across operating system and Java vendor, but not across language. However, supporting only Java allows closer integration with some of its features, which can ease programming and provide greater functionality. The RMI compiler generates stubs and skeletons for the coded Client and Server programs. The server class usually inherits from a pre-coded Unicast Remote server object and a security manager is installed. This class is then registered using the RIM Naming service. Any client can look-up a remote server object on the registry; provided its name is known. Reflective Middleware Reflective middleware is simply a middleware system that provides inspection and adaptation of its behavior through an appropriate causally connected self-representation (CCSR). It is a type of flexible object oriented middleware for mobile and context-awareness applications. Its adaptation to context is through the monitoring and substitution of components. It also provides interfaces for reflection and customizability. Objects can inspect the middleware behavior and it allows for dynamic reconfiguration depending on the behavior. Advantages It is more adaptable to its environment and better able to cope with change Useful in hostile and/ or dynamic environments More suited for multimedia, group communication, real-time and embedded environments, handheld devices and mobile computing environments Event Driven Middleware This is new underlying communication paradigm for building large-scale distributed systems on top of a middleware. Event-based communication is a viable new alternative for the above mentioned middleware types and it uses events as the basic communication mechanism. First, event subscribers, i.e. clients, express their interest in receiving certain events in the form of an event subscription. Then event publishers, i.e. servers, publish events which will be delivered to all interested subscribers. As a result, this model naturally supports a decoupled, many-to-many communication style between publishers and subscribers. A subscriber is usually indifferent to which particular publisher supplies the event that it is interested in. Similarly, a publisher does not need to know about the set of subscribers that will receive a published event. Advantages Asynchronous communication à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Publishers and subscribers are loosely coupled Many-to-many interaction between pubs. and subs. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Scalable scheme for large-scale systems à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Publishers do not need to know subscribers, and vice-versa à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Dynamic join and leave of pubs, subs, (brokers see lecture DS-8) Topic and Content-based pub/sub very expressive à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Filtered information delivered only to interested parties à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Efficient content-based routing through a broker network Hermes This is a scalable, event-based middleware architecture that facilitates the building of large-scale distributed systems. Hermes has a distributed implementation that adheres to the design models developed in the previous chapter. It is based on an implementation of a peer-to-peer routing layer to create a self-managed overlay network of event brokers for routing events. Its content-based routing algorithm is highly scalable because it does not require global state to be established at all event brokers. Hermes is also resilient against failure through the automatic adaptation of the overlay broker network and the routing state at event brokers. An emphasis is put on the middleware aspects of Hermes so that its typed events support a tight integration with an application programming language. Two versions of Hermes exist that share most of the codebase: an implementation in a large-scale, distributed systems simulator, and a full implementation with communication between distributed event brokers. Advantages Logical Network of Self-Organizing Event Brokers (P2P) Scalable Design and Routing Algorithms Expressive Content-Based Filtering Clean Layered Design Cambridge Event Architecture (CEA) The Cambridge Event Architecture (CEA) was created in the early 90s to address the emerging need for asynchronous communication in multimedia and sensor-rich applications. It introduced the publish-register-notify paradigm for building distributed applications. This design paradigm allows the simple extension of synchronous request/reply middleware, such as CORBA, with asynchronous publish/subscribe communication. Middleware clients that become event sources (publishers) or event sinks (subscribers) are standard middleware objects. First, an event source has to advertise (publish) the events that it produces; for example, in a name service. In addition to regular methods in its synchronous interface, an event source has a special register method so that event sinks can subscribe (register ) to events produced by this source. Finally, the event source performs an asynchronous callback to the event sinks notify method (notify) according to a previous subscription. Note that event filtering happens at the event sources, thus reducing communication overhead. The drawback of this is that the implementation of an event source becomes more complex since it has to handle event filtering. Despite the low latency, direct communication between event sources and sinks causes a tight coupling between clients. To address this, the CEA includes event mediators, which can decouple event sources from sinks by implementing both the source and sink interfaces, acting as a buffer between them. Chaining of event mediators is supported but general content-based routing, as done by other distributed publish/subscribe systems, is not part of the architecture.

The British Expeditionary Forceâ??s intervention in World War I :: essays research papers

When France, Britain and Russia entered the Triple Entente, Germany was faced with a problem. It wanted to capture France but knew that if it attacked then Russia would invade and it would face a war on two fronts. The Schlieffen plan was a solution to this threat. The plan was to invade France through Belgium and then to quickly to encircle Paris by flanking around it from the north. Once Paris was in German hands France would be relatively secure, leaving Germany to deal with Russia to the East. There were a number of reasons for the failure of the Schlieffen plan; it relied on a series of assumptions in order to succeed. The Germans assumed that Russia would take a long time to mobilise its forces from all over a large country. The Germans also forgot about the treaty signed by both Prussia and Britain in 1839, stating that they would defend the neutrality of newly formed Belgium, the Kaiser called it a ‘scrap of paper’ but it may well have lost Germany the war. During the course of the war the British Expeditionary Force which arrived very soon after the invasion of Belgium had a very important role in slowing down German forces. Despite its comparatively small size of 70,000 men the BEF was very effective in fighting alongside French units in order to inflict many casualties upon their attackers. Sir John French ordered the force to defend the town of Mons and they did so very effectively, holding the town against huge opposition before eventually falling back. I think that the BEF was one of a number of issues that Von Schlieffen did not account for in his plan and that altogether these meant that the plan failed. Although the British Expeditionary Force played a very important role it was certainly not the only cause of the problems encountered by Germany in executing the Schlieffen plan. Other factor which played a major role were the defence put up by Belgian forces and the speed of Russia’s mobilisation, neither of which Germany was expecting. The Schlieffen plan was to capture France within six weeks; Germany assumed that during much of this time Russia would still me amassing its forces, in fact within 10 days Russia was mobilised to attack Germany from the eastern front with more forces than could be contained by Austria-Hungary and so some German units were forced to return in order to defend their homeland from attack, this weakened their advance through France.

Buisiness Implication of Exchange Rates

BUSINESS IMPLICATIONS OF EXCHANGE-RATE CHANGES BUSINESS IMPLICATIONS OF EXCHANGE-RATE CHANGES Market Decisions On the marketing side, exchange rates can affect demand for a company’s products at home and abroad. A country such as Mexico may force down the value of its currency if its exports become too expensive owing to relatively high inflation. Even though inflation would cause the peso value of the Mexican products to rise, the devaluation means that it takes less foreign currency to buy the pesos, thus allowing the Mexican products to remain competitive.One interesting ramification of a peso depreciation is the impact of the cheaper Mexican goods on exporters from other countries. For example, the cheaper Mexican goods flooding the market in Argentina might take away market share from Italian exporters, thus affecting the Italian economy. A good example of the marketing impact of exchange rate changes is the problem that Japanese car manufacturers were having selling to t he United States in 1986 and 1987 due to the sharp rise in the value of the yen.As the dollar fell 47 percent against the yen in the 16 months ending in December 1986, Japanese car companies found that their cost advantage had disappeared, prices had to be increased, and profit margins had to be trimmed in order to remain competitive. In addition, Korean cars were making inroads due to the low costs and prices of Korean products. Thus a currency depreciation could result in foreign products becoming so expensive in a country like the United States that U. S. roducts soon would pick up market share from imports. The key is whether or not the percentage of devaluation exceeds the relative increase in inflation. In the case of Japan, the strengthening of the Japanese yen in the latter part of 1990 was advantageous to the Japanese in one sense—the cost of imports. Oil prices skyrocketed in late 1990 as Iraq invaded Kuwait, and oil is priced in dollars. Because the yen was rising against the dollar, the stronger yen offset the higher cost of oil.Production Decisions Production decisions also could be affected by an exchange-rate change. A manufacturer in a country with high wages and operating expenses might be tempted to locate production in a country such as Argentina (where the austral is rapidly losing value) because a foreign currency could buy lots of aus-trals, making the initial investment relatively cheap. Another reason for locating in a country such as Argentina is that goods manufactured there would be relatively cheap in world markets.However, a firm could accomplish the same purpose by going to any country whose currency is expected to remain weak in relation to that of the parent-country currency. The attractiveness of a weak-currency country must be balanced with the potential problems of investing there. Financial Decisions The final business area where exchange rates make a difference is in finance, The areas of finance that are most affect ed are the sourcing of financial re- sources, the remittance of funds across national borders, and the financial statements.There might be a temptation to borrow money where interest rates are lowest. However, we mentioned earlier that interest-rate differentials often are compensated for in the money markets through exchange-rate changes. In the area of financial flows, a parent company would want to convert local currency into the parent’s own currency when exchange rates are most favorable so that it can maximize its return. However, countries with weak currencies often have currency controls, making it difficult to manage the flow of funds optimally.Finally, exchange-rate changes also can influence the reporting of financial results. A simple example can illustrate the impact that exchange rates can have on income. If the Mexican subsidiary of a U. S. company earns 100 million pesos when the exchange rate is 200 pesos per dollar, the dollar equivalent of income is $500,00 0. If the peso depreciates to 300 pesos per dollar, the dollar equivalent of income falls to $333,333.The opposite would occur if the local currency appreciates against the parent currency. LOOKING TO THE FUTURE The international monetary system has undergone significant reform in the past two decades. As the historically planned economies undergo a transition to market economies, they will feel significant pressure on their exchange rates. High rates of inflation and weak demand for those currencies will lead to major devaluations—certainly a key factor affecting the Russian rouble in March and April of 1991.The European Monetary System should continue to strengthen, and national economic policies will be coordinated more closely as the Europeans move closer to a common currency. However, the weaker economies of some of the new entrants into the EC will continue to plague harmonization and the problems arising during the reunification of Germany will keep the German mark fro m soaring too high against the currencies of the other EC members. Some of the most interesting changes in currency values will take place in the â€Å"more flexible† category.Countries in the â€Å"adjusted according to a set of indicators† and â€Å"other managed floating† categories need to gain greater control over their economies in order to move to the â€Å"independently floating† category. Countries in the latter category are under constant pressure to control inflation and to keep from being tempted to intervene in the markets. Firms will face constant pressure to understand the factors influencing particular exchange rates and to adjust corporate strategy in anticipation of rate movements. Their job will only get easier if exchange rate volatility diminishes

Placenta Previa Essays

Placenta Previa Essays Placenta Previa Essay Placenta Previa Essay Abstract The paper discussion is about Placenta Previa a medical condition observed, and that occurs in women during birth. The paper begins b giving an introduction of the term Placenta Previa sampling the data survey together with the degree of the disease. The paper further presents a credible discussion on the pathology discussing some of the causes and risks. Diagnosis is also looked it with the article pointing out some of the significant procedures and care taken to help in prevention and treatment of Placenta Previa. Prognosis and management outline some of the primary managerial procedures to be taken and observed to prevent and help one with Placenta Previa. Finally, the paper gives a conclusion of the recap of all the discussion in the article. Introduction Placenta Previa is a condition in which the placenta implants in the lower portion of the uterus and covers all or part of the internal cervical os. The incidence according to the survey is that 1 out of 200 women giving birth. The major difficulty with classification system is accounting for the potentially changing relationship between the placenta and cervix during the third trimester, especially as labor progresses (Nyberg, 2003). Degrees of Placenta Previa are described concerning the internal os prior or the onset of labor. There are four types or degree of Placenta Previa: Total Placenta Previa is where the internal os is entirely covered by the placenta Marginal Placenta Previa is whereby the edging of the placenta is close to the internal os. Partial Placenta Previa is where the internal os is partly sheltered by the placenta. Low lying Placenta Previa is where lower uterine segment has a placenta implant such that the placental edging has a proximity of the internal os. The incidence of Placenta Previa varies widely with gestational age at diagnosis and the criteria used. The impact at the term of clinically significant Placenta Previa is approximately 0.5% (Nyberg, 2003). Placenta Previa is diagnosed in about 5% of second-trimester pregnancies before genetic amniocentesis. At least 90% of Placenta Previa, therefore, resolves to a standard position by the term. Possible reasons for this improvement are discussed in the following pathology section. Pathology Placenta Previa results from implantation of the blastocyst in the lower uterine segment. Some factors appear to increase the risk of this occurrence, including advancing age, multi-parity, smoking, cocaine use, prior Placenta Previa and parity, previous cesarean delivery and suction curettage related to pregnancy. The firm association between Placenta Previa and parity previous cesarean delivery and curettage suggests that endometrial damage is an etiologic factor. Subsequent pregnancies are more likely to implant in the lower uterine segment by a process of elimination (Mishell, Goodwin Brenner, 2002). Multiple pregnancies are at higher risk because of the reduced surface area of the endometrial available. Improvement in Placenta Previa with gestational age primarily reflects marketed growth of the lower uterine segment during pregnancy which pulls the placenta superiorly. At 20 weeks, the placenta covers approximately one-fourth of the myometrium surface area, but near term the placenta covers one-eighth the myometrial surface. Improvement may also be partly secondary to trophotropism in which the placenta atrophies at suboptimal sites of implantation and hypertrophies at more optimal sites. Diagnosis Placenta Previa is most often diagnosed by routine sonography. In other cases, the initial diagnosis is made at the time of presentation for vaginal bleeding through the second part of pregnancy. In these cases, sonographic confirmation of placental location is recommended before the digital cervical examination. The trans-abdominal ultrasound may confirm the suspicion of Placental Previa (Krishna, Daftary Tank, 1995). When sufficient visualization of the affiliation between the placenta and the internal cervical os is not possible with trans-abdominal ultrasound, the transperineal or transvaginal approach may be beneficial. Careful transvaginal may be beneficial. Careful sonography does not appear to increase the risk of hemorrhage in Placenta Previa. In general, prenatal ultrasound is highly sensitive but not specific for the diagnosis of placenta previa. Therefore, while false negative diagnoses are rare, false positive diagnoses are common depending on the gestational age, the sonographic technique used. This is especially true before the third trimester because of differential growth of the lower segment of the uterus in the second half of pregnancy. Placental Previa is readily diagnosed by the location of the placenta over the cervix. Placenta localization by trans-vaginal examination complements trans-abdominal scans and provides good visualization of the internal os and its relationship to the location of the placenta. Thus, may help to decrease the number of false positive diagnosed with Placenta Previa during early pregnancy (Nyberg, 2003). Prognosis and management Krishna, Daftary and Tank (1995) indicate that patients with a lower lying identify at mid-trimester should be observed with further ultrasound examination until at least 34 weeks, or unequivocal conversion has occurred. Placenta Previa diagnosed by custom second-trimester sonography is managed expectancy. The patient can be a measure that the likelihood of spontaneous resolution is greater than 90%. It is reasonable to recommend avoidance of strenuous activity, but further limitations probably are not necessary early in pregnancy. The placental location should be re-evaluated at 28-30 weeks (Mishell, Goodwin Brenner, 2002). If Placenta Previa persists, the patient should be cautioned that rigorous activity and intercourse might provoke bleeding. Cesarean delivery should be scheduled at a gestational age that will exploit the probability of fetal maturity and diminish the risk of hemorrhage that may effect from the standard commencement of uterine abbreviations. According to Mishell, Goodwin and Brenner (2002) the management of Placenta Previa complicated by acute hemorrhage is directed at optimizing the outcomes of the mother and the fetus. In many cases, bleeding resolves spontaneously and the patient may be managed expectantly. In other cases, severe hemorrhage may require intervention. The management varies dramatically with the severity of the condition. Through ultrasound with color and duplex Doppler should be performed. MRI should be considered. Mild cases of placenta accrete may be treated with hemostatic cultures and removal of the placenta or observation alone. Patients may also be treated with methotrexate (Nyberg, 2003). For more classic, severe cases the usual treatment is hysterectomy at the time of delivery. If the placenta also invades the urinary bladder, however, this may be insufficient to control the hemorrhage. Adequate blood for transfusion must be available at the time of delivery. The goal is to deliver a live, healthy baby and maintain the health of the mother. Conclusion In concluding Placenta Previa is a stipulation whereby the placenta implants in the lower portion of the uterus and covers all or part of the internal cervical. Degrees of Placenta Previa are described concerning the internal os prior or the onset of labor. It results from implantation of the blastocyst in the lower uterine segment. Some factors appear to increase the risk of this occurrence, including advancing age, multi-parity, smoking, cocaine use, prior Placenta Previa and parity, previous cesarean delivery and suction curettage related to pregnancy. Placental Previa is readily diagnosed by the location of the placenta over the cervix. Placenta localization by trans-vaginal examination complements trans-abdominal scans and provides good visualization of the internal os and its relationship to the location of the placenta. the management of Placenta Previa complicated by acute hemorrhage is directed at optimizing the outcomes of the mother and the fetus. References Krishna, U., Daftary, S., Tank, D. K. (1995).Pregnancy at risk: Current concepts. New Delhi, India: Jaypee Bros. Medical Publishers. Mishell, D. R., Goodwin, T. M., Brenner, P. F. (2002).Management of common problems in obstetrics and gynecology. Malden, Mass., USA: Blackwell. Nyberg, D. A. (2003).Diagnostic imaging of fetal anomalies. Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams Wilkins.

Critical Analysis of Letter from Birmingham Jail

Critical Analysis of Letter from Birmingham Jail Introduction The article is about the injustice meted out on the African Americans in the US before the passing of the Civil Rights law that initiated sweeping civil reforms in the US, guaranteeing equal rights for African American citizens. Written as a letter by Martin Luther King Jr., the text criticises the lack of progress in the elimination of oppressive segregation laws in the American South.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Critical Analysis of â€Å"Letter from Birmingham Jail† specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The author further criticizes white Christian leaders in the American South, accusing them of not being vocal enough in condemning the evil inherent in segregation laws. The author accuses these leaders of supporting the status quo by refusing to support the cause of the Americans in their attempt to have these laws changed or repealed. The letter is addressed specifically to the Southern Christi an and Jewish leaders, who had asked the author to stop his non-violent campaigns in Birmingham, for the sake of overall peace in the city. The author, in response, wrote this letter to explain why his campaigns were necessary, and garner their support for similar future campaigns in an attempt to rid the American South of the repressive segregation laws. Author’s Two Main Concerns The author addresses two overriding issues in his attempt to convince these Southern religious leaders (and other concerned readers) why the segregation laws were unjust, and why inaction would never result in a change. The author states that, segregation laws were unjust because they deprived African Americans a sense of self; moreover, African Americans had an obligation to fight these unjust laws. According to the author, the segregation laws made African Americans acquire a sense of inferiority. The author lists the evils that are visited on African Americans because of these laws. African Amer icans were routinely lynched by mobs, killed by police, referred to in derogatory terms such as â€Å"boy†, and denied entry to various social places due to their race (Par. 15). Such events weighed heavily on the consciences of African Americans, leading them to have a belief that they were inherently inferior to their white counterparts. The second issue that the author addresses is the belief that the fight for change and the repeal of these unjust laws cannot be postponed or delayed. Since the Southern religious leaders had requested the author to exercise patience in his demand for reforms, the author is adamant that his non-violent push for equal rights for African Americans could not wait for an ideal or opportune time to proceed – justice delayed too him was justice denied (Par. 14).Advertising Looking for essay on american literature? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Critical Response and Analys is These two concerns by the author are justified. The argument that the segregation laws were inherently unjust, contributed to high poverty rates amongst African Americans, and made African Americans to feel inferior to their white counterparts is plausible. Segregation laws were ratified by most constitutions in Southern States; therefore, such laws, however unjust, acquired a sense of legitimacy amongst the citizens of these states. Subsequently, most educational, religious, public and private institutions would, out of obedience to state constitutions, pursue policies that entrenched segregation. Due to this almost omniscient presence of segregation laws and policies, the average African American would, in his daily practice, encounter some form of discrimination. African American children would also easily encounter and perceive discriminative acts against them. Therefore, due to the high prevalence of such discriminative laws, African Americans easily and inevitably acquired a belief that they belonged to an inferior race. Secondly, the author is justified in being impatient with the pace of reform in the country. The author informs the Southern religious leaders, who had urged him to be patient in his demand for reforms, that had they been the ones to experience the effects of the unjust segregation laws, they would not urge for caution and patience. According to the author, â€Å"freedom is never voluntarily given by the oppressor; it must be demanded by the oppressed† (Luther, 1963, Par. 14). African Americans were right in being impatient with the slow and almost nonexistent pace of reforms in the country, and in the Southern States in particular. The emancipation proclamation by President Abraham Lincoln, which effectively ended slavery in the US, was signed in 1864. This proclamation was supposed to grant African Americans equal citizenship rights, and was intended to free them from all forms of discrimination previously directed at them. T he author writes his text/letter almost 100 years later and yet African Americans are still in some form of bondage wrought by segregation laws. Clearly, the African American benefited little from leaving the struggle for equality in the hands of his oppressor. African Americans were thus right in engaging in non-violent protest and other forms of civil action to push the concerned leaders to repeal these discriminative laws.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Critical Analysis of â€Å"Letter from Birmingham Jail† specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Textual Analysis The author uses many relevant analogies, quotes, observations and examples to state his purpose and give credence to his argument. The author states his most graphic example of the discriminative, vile and heinous acts experienced by African Americans in paragraph 15. The author describes the atrocities committed by white mobs and the police on African Americans. He chronicles the acts, beginning with African American mothers and fathers being lynched, African American youth being cursed, kicked and killed by the police, and proceeds to list other such crimes, ending the list with instances of African Americans being referred derogatively as â€Å"boy† regardless of age, and African American women not being properly addressed as â€Å"Mrs.† The crux of the author’s argument on why his followers could not afford to be patient in their demand for reform rests on the examples of heinous acts meted on African Americans stated here. The order of these crimes on African Americans as placed by the author almost obscures the deadly crimes such as lynching and extra-judicial deaths. By ending his numerous examples with comparatively minor acts of African Americans being referred to as â€Å"boy†, or the women not being given the title â€Å"Mrs.†, the author makes the serious crimes of lynching and extra -judicial killings appear less so. The progression should have started with these minor acts and ended with the unforgivable, wicked and heinous crimes of lynching, extra-judicial killings and beatings, to make them more prominent, as they would be if they were to appear at the end of the list. Such an arrangement would foreground these serious crimes, and subsequently stir indignation in any reader. It would also explain why waiting for reforms to take place at a slow pace advocated by the Southern religious leaders was not an option – lives were at stake. Conclusion The author has convincingly stated his purpose; that of highlighting the unjustness of the segregation law, and the need for a pro-active approach bring about the repeal of these laws. His example on crimes against committed against African Americans, served to highlight the less serious crimes at the expense of crimes such as lynching and murder. Reference Luther, M. (1963). Letter from Birmingham Jail. The Mar tin Luther King, Jr. Research and Education Institute. Web.Advertising Looking for essay on american literature? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More

The influence of quantitative easing monetary policy on Japan and the Research Paper

The influence of quantitative easing monetary policy on Japan and the United States - Research Paper Example Expansionary monetary policies aimed at stimulating the economy usually involve central banks buying short-term government bonds so that the market interest rates can be lowered. Nonetheless, when short-term interest rates go towards zero, this approach may no longer be effective. In this kind of situation, the monetary authorities may employ the use of quantitative easing to stimulate the economy through purchase of assets that mature in the long-term rather than short-term government bonds, therefore decreasing the interest rates away from the yield curve. Quantitative easing may be important in assisting to make sure that inflation does not go below the target, but it has risks including over-efficacy than originally intended against deflation, thereby resulting in higher inflation in the longer term from increased supply or sufficiently effective in the event that additional reserves are not lent out by banks. Based on the opinion of various economists as well as the IMF, quantitative easing used since the beginning of the financial crisis that was experienced between 2007 and 2008, has been critical in mitigating various adverse impacts of the crisis (Gindin and Panitch 326). Various economists and analysts argue that the US Federal Reserve employed some type of quantitative easing from 1930 all the way to 1940s in the fight against the Great Depression. Nevertheless, as the Federal Reserve employed quantitative easing initiatives to address the effects of 2007-08 financial crisis, various critics have considered its actions extraordinary. Further, charts have been created to point out that, as a fraction of GDP, the balance sheet after the financial crisis had not gone past the percentages that were attained between 1939 and 48 as of May 2013. The phrase â€Å"quantitative easing† was for the first time employed by the Bank of Japan when it was dealing with domestic